Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

Deciphering the Role of Salicylate and Jasmonate in Crop Protection: Ensuring Future Food Security

Bidisha Mondal — 2026-07-20

Plant hormones orchestrate the defensive capacity of crops against an expanding array of biotic and abiotic constraints that threaten global agricultural output. Among these regulators, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid form the backbone of inducible immunity, directing distinct yet interconnected transcriptional programmes that determine whether a plant survives attack by biotrophic pathogens, necrotrophic fungi, phloem-feeding insects or chewing herbivores. This review synthesises current knowledge on the biosynthesis, perception and signal transduction of salicylate and jasmonate, and examines the molecular basis of their crosstalk, which ranges from mutual antagonism to context-dependent synergy. Particular attention is given to the agronomic exploitation of these pathways through exogenous hormone application, seed priming, defence elicitors and induced systemic resistance, alongside the physiological costs that accompany such interventions, most notably the growth-defence trade-off associated with sustained jasmonate signalling. The review situates this mechanistic understanding within the pressing context of global food security, considering how pest pressure, plant disease and climate-driven abiotic stress converge to erode crop yields, and how hormone-informed breeding and crop management strategies might mitigate these losses. Persistent knowledge gaps are identified concerning field-level translation, crop-specific pathway architecture in monocots relative to the Arabidopsis model, and the reconciliation of defence induction with yield stability. The review concludes that a nuanced, crop-specific understanding of salicylate-jasmonate signalling, rather than a uniform strategy transplanted from model species, will be indispensable for designing resilient cropping systems capable of sustaining production under mounting biotic and climatic pressure.

Digital Twins in Agriculture: Transforming Farm Management with Virtual Models

K. Megha — 2026-07-24

Digital twin technology, understood as a dynamically updated virtual representation of a physical asset synchronised through continuous bidirectional data exchange, has moved from manufacturing into agricultural production over the past decade. This review examines how digital twins are reshaping farm management across crop production, controlled-environment agriculture, livestock husbandry, machinery maintenance, and agri-food supply chains. It synthesises the conceptual architecture underpinning agricultural digital twins, the sensing and computational technologies that make them possible, and the maturity levels that distinguish a static digital model from a fully synchronised, prescriptive twin. The review traces applications spanning precision irrigation, soil quality assessment, greenhouse climate control, animal health monitoring, and traceability across supply chains, drawing on evidence from cattle, dairy, poultry, and horticultural systems. Persistent barriers are identified, including data interoperability, cybersecurity, the cost of sensor infrastructure, and uneven adoption among smallholder and resource-constrained farms. The review concludes that although digital twins offer measurable gains in resource-use efficiency and decision support, their transition from research prototype to operational farm tool depends on open data standards, affordable connectivity, and closer collaboration between agronomists, engineers, and farmers. Priorities for future research include federated and privacy-preserving twin architectures, tighter integration with artificial intelligence for predictive and prescriptive decision-making, and participatory design that keeps the farmer at the centre of the virtual-physical loop.

Structural Characteristics, Nutritional Significance and Processing Techniques of Various Millets: A Comprehensive Review

K. Alam Khan — 2026-07-30

Millets are a taxonomically heterogeneous group of small-grained cereals whose renewed prominence rests on claims that they are simultaneously climate-resilient and nutritionally superior to refined staple foods. The evidence underpinning the second claim is substantially weaker than the first, and much of it is derived from compositional analyses rather than from demonstrations of physiological benefit of farm produce. This review evaluates the literature connecting the structural organisation of the millet caryopsis to its nutritional value and to the outcomes of processing, and asks how far that connection has actually been established. Peer-reviewed publications retrieved from openly accessible scholarly indexes were appraised for methodological adequacy, consistency and relevance, and were synthesised thematically rather than catalogued. Three findings emerged. First, the structural features that distinguish millets from wheat and rice, namely a thin adherent pericarp, a pigmented testa in several species, a continuous protein matrix surrounding small polygonal starch granules, and heavily lignified peripheral cell walls, are the same features that constrain nutrient release, so that gains in one nutritional dimension are frequently obtained at the cost of another. Second, processing operations are routinely evaluated against compositional endpoints that have limited predictive value for absorption or glycemic index outcome, and the small number of controlled human studies has produced results considerably more modest than the in-vitro literature. Third, methodological heterogeneity in cultivar selection, processing intensity and analytical protocol is severe enough to account for many apparent contradictions between studies, and this heterogeneity is rarely acknowledged. Confidence is highest for the effects of decortication and germination on anti-nutrient content and for the post-harvest losses of pearl millet flour perhaps during processing storage, and lowest for claims of clinically meaningful metabolic benefit. Priorities include standardised processing descriptors, cultivar-resolved reporting, and adequately powered human trials that test defined processed matrices rather than millet as an undifferentiated category.

Deficit Irrigation in a Warming World: Integrating Crop Physiology, Water Productivity and Climate-Risk Management for Sustainable Agriculture

Biju Sidharthan — 2026-07-30

Irrigated agriculture consumes the largest share of global freshwater withdrawals, and this dependence is intensifying as rainfall variability and evaporative demand increase under a warming climate. Deficit irrigation, defined as the deliberate application of water below full crop evapotranspiration requirements at selected growth stages, has emerged as a central strategy for reconciling food production with water scarcity. This review synthesises evidence on the physiological basis of crop responses to water deficit, the modelling frameworks used to predict yield and water productivity outcomes, and the performance of deficit irrigation across field crops, orchard and vine systems, and vegetables. The economic and behavioural dimensions of farmer adoption, the interaction between deficit irrigation and soil salinisation under changing climatic conditions, and emerging genetic and computational tools that support precision water management are also examined. Findings indicate that regulated and sustained deficit irrigation strategies can improve water productivity substantially, often between eight and thirty per cent relative to full irrigation, although yield penalties vary widely by crop, growth stage sensitivity and environmental context. Climate change is projected to alter the reliability of these gains, particularly where warming erodes the compensatory physiological mechanisms that underpin moderate water stress benefits. Economic viability depends strongly on relative water and commodity prices, and farmer adoption remains constrained by risk aversion and limited technical support. The review concludes that deficit irrigation should be understood not as a fixed prescription but as an adaptive, crop- and context-specific component of climate-risk management, requiring closer integration of physiological monitoring, crop modelling and economic decision support.

Protected Cultivation of Cut Flowers: A Critical Narrative Review of Innovations in Production Systems and Sustainability Outcomes

Bimal Kumar Sahu — 2026-08-03

Protected cultivation has become the dominant production environment for high-value cut flowers, combining greenhouse structures, soilless substrates, supplemental lighting, carbon dioxide enrichment, and increasingly digital control systems to secure year-round yield and quality. This critical narrative review synthesises recent peer-reviewed evidence on innovations in cut-flower production systems and evaluates the sustainability outcomes associated with their adoption. Evidence indicates that environmental-control technologies, particularly targeted red-to-blue light-emitting diode spectra and carefully timed carbon dioxide enrichment, reliably improve growth, flowering time, and postharvest longevity in rose, chrysanthemum, gerbera, and related taxa, although responses are strongly cultivar- and season-dependent and few studies model the interaction of light, carbon dioxide, and temperature simultaneously. Soilless and recirculating substrate systems reduce soil-borne disease pressure and can improve water and nutrient use efficiency relative to open field or soil-bed cultivation, but comparative economic and environmental data remain fragmented across substrates and species. Digitalisation, including multi-sensor networks and model-predictive climate control, offers demonstrated gains in resource efficiency, though evidence is concentrated in a small number of technologically advanced production clusters. Life-cycle assessments consistently identify heating and lighting energy as the dominant contributors to the carbon footprint of temperate greenhouse-grown flowers, while water footprint and governance research highlights acute basin-level pressures in tropical exporting regions. Biological control has substantially reduced reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides for key pests such as western flower thrips, although emerging species and resistance risks constrain long-term efficacy. Across all domains, the evidence base is geographically concentrated in a small number of production clusters, methodologically heterogeneous in functional units and system boundaries, and rarely integrates agronomic, environmental, and socio-economic outcomes within a single study. The review concludes that protected cut-flower production has advanced substantially in technical sophistication, but that a genuinely integrated sustainability assessment linking production innovation to environmental and social outcomes remains an unresolved priority for the field.

Comparative Performance of Drone Broadcasting and Conventional Sowing Methods in Rice under Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem

Asha V Pillai — 2026-07-17

Rice is a major staple crop in India and an essential component of Kerala’s agriculture, particularly in the Kuttanad wetland ecosystem. However, rice cultivation in this region faces challenges such as flooding, salinity, soil acidity, and labour scarcity. To address these issues, on-farm trials were conducted during 2024-2025 in Kottayam and Alappuzha districts to evaluate the different sowing methods. The study compared manual broadcasting, drum seeding and drone-based seed broadcasting using a randomized block design. Results indicated that drum seeding recorded the highest growth parameters, yield attributes and grain yield across all locations. Drone broadcasting performed comparably and significantly outperformed manual broadcasting. In addition, drone sowing reduced seed rate, labour requirement and time required for field operations. The improved performance of drone technology is attributed to uniform seed distribution and reduced soil disturbance. The findings suggest that while drum seeding is the most productive method, drone broadcasting offers a promising, efficient and labour-saving alternative for sustainable rice cultivation

Studies on the Biology of Fruit and Shoot Borer (Earias vittella) on Okra Crops

Priyanshu Pracheta — 2026-07-18

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) is an important vegetable crop, and the fruit and shoot borer, Earias vittella, is a major pest affecting its vegetative and reproductive stages. The present laboratory study was conducted to examine the biology, developmental duration, morphometric characters, adult longevity, sex ratio and fecundity of E. vittella on okra. Infested fruits were collected from the field and maintained under laboratory conditions to establish the initial culture. The insect completed its life cycle through four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The incubation period ranged from 3 to 5 days, with a mean duration of 3.6 ± 0.80 days. The larval stage consisted of five instars and was the longest developmental phase, with a total larval duration of 13 to 19 days and a mean of 15.75 ± 1.58 days. The prepupal and pupal periods averaged 1.35 ± 0.47 and 7.8 ± 0.83 days, respectively. Adult males lived for 6 to 13 days, while females lived for 7 to 15 days. Female fecundity ranged from 95 to 309 eggs, with an average of 210.33 ± 63.50 eggs. The sex ratio was recorded as 1:0.66. The findings provide baseline information on the developmental biology of E. vittella under laboratory conditions.

Dissecting Yield Components in Chickpea Using Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis

Devangi R. Kachot — 2026-07-18

Yield is the most complex quantitative trait of any crop species because it is the end product of the action and interaction of several component characters and is highly influenced by the environment. It is difficult to combine all desirable traits in a single variety. An experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability parameters in 40 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes at the Instructional Farm, Krishigadh, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, during Rabi 2024-25. The genotypes were evaluated in a randomised block design with three replications for 13 quantitative traits. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were recorded for the number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, 100-seed weight, and seed yield per plant, indicating the presence of substantial exploitable variability for effective selection. Furthermore, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percentage of the mean was observed for the number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant, harvest index, and number of primary branches per plant, suggesting the predominance of heritable genetic variation and the potential effectiveness of selection for these traits. These results suggest the predominance of additive gene action, and selection pressure may be profitably applied to these traits for improving seed yield. Seed yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive correlations at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels with the number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, 100-seed weight, and the number of seeds per pod. Among the traits evaluated, biological yield per plant and harvest index exerted strong positive direct effects on seed yield per plant, indicating their substantial contribution to yield improvement. Therefore, these characters may be useful selection criteria for seed yield improvement in chickpea.

Integrative Molecular and Pathogenic Characterisation of Penicillium oxalicum Driving Postharvest Loss and Quality Decline in Papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Pusa Dwarf)

Rajesh Ranjan — 2026-07-20

Postharvest decay of papaya (Carica papaya L.) substantially affects fruit shelf life and quality under tropical conditions. This study aimed to isolate, identify and molecularly characterise the fungal pathogen associated with postharvest decay of 'Pusa Dwarf' papaya in Eastern Bihar and to assess its effects on fruit quality. The pathogen was isolated on PRDA and identified morphologically as Penicillium sp. Molecular identification through ITS rDNA sequencing (approximately 550 bp) supported provisional identification as P. oxalicum. Pathogenicity assays showed that lesion development was greater in injured fruit (28.4 mm on day 10) than in uninjured fruit (19.2 mm), and sporulation was also higher in injured fruit (72.6 × 10⁵ spores/mL). Infected fruits showed weight loss of up to 96.8% after 30 days of storage at 25 °C. By day 30, infected fruits contained 18.6 mg/100 g ascorbic acid, 2.3 °Brix total soluble solids and 0.21% titratable acidity, compared with 44.2 mg/100 g, 4.5 °Brix and 0.42%, respectively, in healthy fruits. These findings indicate that the isolate associated with postharvest papaya rot can cause substantial quantitative and qualitative deterioration and support the need for improved postharvest management.

Wild Ber Seed Germination as Affected by Bio-stimulants and Growth Regulators under in-vivo Conditions

Aayush Singla — 2026-07-20

Wild ber (Ziziphus rotundifolia Lamk.) is an adaptable fruit-tree species of ecological and economic importance in arid and semi-arid regions. This study evaluated the effectiveness of biostimulants and plant growth regulators in improving seed germination, seedling vigour and survival under nursery conditions. The experiment was conducted during 2021–22 at the Fruit Nursery, Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Twelve treatments comprised an untreated control, five bio-stimulant treatments and gibberellic acid (GA₃), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), each at 50 and 100 mg/L. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with three replications. Among the treatments, GA₃ at 100 mg/L produced the highest germination percentage (73.0%, compared with 45.7% in the control), the highest relative seed germination value (159.9%), and the shortest time to germination (3.3 days, compared with 8.7 days in the control). This treatment also recorded the highest survival percentage at 120 days after sowing (98.7%), mean seedling length (27.7 cm, compared with 18.3 cm), mean fresh weight per seedling (9.36 g, compared with 4.16 g), and mean dry weight per seedling (3.91 g, compared with 1.53 g). GA₃ at 50 mg/L recorded the highest relative water content. Selected bio-stimulants also improved early seedling performance. These findings indicate that pre-sowing treatment with GA₃, particularly at 100 mg/L, can improve the nursery propagation of wild ber.

Nitrate Seed Priming Modulates Germination Physiology of Rice var. Sahabhagi and MTU 1010

Ankita Mishra — 2026-07-20

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) often suffers from poor germination under normal as well as various adverse climatic conditions, in this context seed priming can be considered as an important strategy for improving seed germination and seedling stand establishment of different crops. This study evaluated the effects of magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO₃)₂] and calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂] priming on germination physiology of rice varieties Sahabhagi and MTU‑1010. Seeds were primed with varying concentrations (1–20 mM for both nitrate salts) and assessed for germination percentage as well as α‑ and β‑amylase (free and bound form) activity over 24–120 h. Results showed that both nitrate salts significantly enhanced germination compared to controls, with Sahabhagi responding faster at early stages and MTU‑1010 exhibiting delayed but uniform germination. varieties. Enzyme activity generally increased during the early germination period and reached its highest values at 72–96 h. Under magnesium nitrate priming, Sahabhagi recorded a maximum α-amylase activity of 680.90 mg maltose g⁻¹ h⁻¹ at 72 h. Calcium nitrate produced a maximum free β-amylase activity of 402.32 mg maltose g⁻¹ h⁻¹ in Sahabhagi and a maximum bound β-amylase activity of 270.91 mg maltose g⁻¹ h⁻¹ in MTU-1010 at 72 h. Treatment effects were significant at the 1% level. These findings indicate that nitrate priming can enhance germination and reserve mobilisation, although responses vary with genotype, salt concentration, and assessment time.

Response of the Benga tigré Variety of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) to the Effects of Mineral Nutrition and Plant Density on the Yield and Yield Components in Burkina Faso

Sidibé Hamadou — 2026-07-21

Mung bean (Vigna radiata), introduced into Burkina Faso in the 1980s, remains underused in rural production systems. This study evaluated the response of the Benga tigré variety to fertilisation and sowing density to identify a suitable management combination under the conditions of the Saria research station. The experiment used a randomised complete block design with three replications and combined five fertilisation treatments—NPK (100 kg/ha), station compost (2,500 kg/ha), Jatropha compost (2,500 kg/ha), station compost plus NPK, and Jatropha compost plus NPK—with six sowing densities. Emergence rate, days to 50% flowering, days to 50% maturity, 1,000-grain weight, pod yield, and grain yield were assessed. Data were analysed using GenStat 12th Edition, and treatment means were compared using the Bonferroni test at the 5% level. Fertilisation did not significantly affect emergence rate (p = 0.558) or 1,000-grain weight (p = 0.461), but it significantly affected flowering, maturity, pod yield, and grain yield (p < 0.001). Treatments T3 and T5 produced the shortest crop cycles, while T5 recorded the highest pod and grain yields (2,234 and 1,568 kg/ha, respectively). A spacing of 60 × 30 cm, equivalent to 110,556 plants/ha, gave the highest grain yield among the tested densities. These findings indicate that Jatropha compost, applied alone or with NPK, together with an appropriate plant density, may improve mung bean productivity under the study conditions.

Performance Evaluation of ESP32-CAM-Based Image Detector for Animal Intrusion

B. A. Anand — 2026-07-21

Animal intrusion in agricultural fields can contribute to crop damage and financial loss, while many conventional deterrent methods are labour-intensive, inconsistent or unsuitable for non-lethal field protection. This study evaluated a low-cost image-detection system based on ESP32-CAM and a lightweight neural-network model for detecting selected animals under field conditions. Images of target animals were collected from different angles and views, annotated using bounding boxes and used to train a FOMO (Faster Objects, More Objects) MobileNetV2 0.35 model. The trained model was exported to the ESP32-CAM platform and tested for real-time detection of cows, elephants and deer. During field deployment, the system captured images, processed them on the embedded platform and generated detection outputs with confidence values and bounding-box coordinates. The detector identified cows in all ten trials, with confidence values ranging from 57.3% to 95.3%. For elephants and deer, performance was more variable, with several zero-detection cases, indicating sensitivity to lighting, camera angle, object distance, background complexity and partial occlusion. The system also triggered an LED alert following detection, demonstrating its practical potential for automated field monitoring. Overall, the results indicate that ESP32-CAM integrated with a lightweight edge-AI model can support affordable real-time animal-intrusion detection, although further improvement in dataset diversity, environmental robustness and model optimisation is required before wider deployment.

Evolution of Microbial Load and Physicochemical Parameters during The Composting Process Using Grass Clippings and Cocoa Pod Husks

Gadjé Ange-Raissa Bobo — 2026-07-21

Composting is a biological process that supports the recycling of agricultural and green wastes into organic amendments. This study evaluated changes in microbial load and selected physicochemical parameters during the composting of grass clippings and cocoa pod husks. A compost pile was prepared at Nangui Abrogoua University, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, using 50 kg of grass clippings and 50 kg of crushed cocoa pod husks. Samples were collected at six time points to monitor lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, moulds, and bacteria of the genus Bacillus. Temperature, pH, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, and the C/N ratio were also measured. The temperature increased from 28°C on Day 0 to 59.36°C on Day 11 and remained high on Day 31, with a value of 56.46°C, before decreasing to 25.04°C on Day 120. Moisture content varied from 72% at the beginning to 78.2% at the end of composting. The pH remained alkaline during most of the process but decreased from 8.7 on Day 0 to 7.57 on Day 120. Microbial populations changed with temperature, and yeasts disappeared during the thermophilic phase. Bacillus remained the dominant microbial group across the sampling periods. At the end of composting, phosphorus increased from 0.18% to 0.369% and potassium from 2.86% to 3.53%, whereas carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, and the C/N ratio decreased. The final C/N ratio was 20.09, indicating progression towards compost maturity. These findings show that grass clippings and cocoa pod husks underwent measurable biological and physicochemical changes during composting.

Estimating Phosphorus Saturation as an Indicator of Phosphorus Loss Risk in Acidic Soils of Assam, India

Ramijur Rahman — 2026-07-22

Acid soils exhibit distinct phosphorus (P) dynamics compared with neutral or alkaline soils. When the P concentration in the soil solution exceeds a threshold, saturation occurs, increasing the risk of P loss through leaching or surface runoff. This study evaluated phosphorus saturation indices as indicators of P-loss risk in acid soils of Assam, India. Sixty soil samples were collected from three locations in Assam representing three distinct soil orders. Based on Pmax values, the soils were incubated with graded P concentrations and extracted using five extractants: ammonium oxalate, Mehlich-3, Mehlich-1, Bray-2, and Bray-1. The degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS) was subsequently determined. Kharupetia soils (Entisol) recorded the highest phosphorus adsorption maxima (Pmax), ranging from 769.23 to 1666.67 µg g⁻¹. Ammonium oxalate consistently extracted more P than the other extractants, and extractable P increased with P addition. DPS values increased significantly with increasing P concentrations (10–400% of Pmax). Surface and subsurface soils from Kharupetia showed the highest DPS ranges, with DPS(AO) reaching 0.26–292.86% in surface soils and 0.25–270.38% in subsurface soils. Threshold DPS values (>30%) varied by soil type and extractant. At 50–100% of Pmax, DPS(AO) exceeded the threshold, indicating a high risk of P loss, whereas the other extractants crossed the threshold only at 100–200% of Pmax. DPS(AO) showed the greatest sensitivity and was therefore the most suitable index for assessing phosphorus-loss potential. Overall, DPS sensitivity followed the order DPS(AO) > DPS(M3) ≈ DPS(M1) > DPS(B2) ≈ DPS(B1).

Isolation and in vitro Antagonistic Potential of Endophytic Microorganisms against Whip Smut (Sporisorium scitamineum) on Sugarcane

S Suman — 2026-07-22

Sugarcane whip smut, caused by Sporisorium scitamineum, is among the most destructive fungal diseases affecting sugarcane production worldwide. This investigation aimed to isolate endophytic microorganisms from different sugarcane tissues and evaluate their antagonistic activity against S. scitamineum under in vitro conditions. Endophytic fungi and bacteria were isolated from the roots, canes and leaves of healthy sugarcane plants using standard microbiological techniques. Based on cultural and morphological characteristics, the fungal endophytes were identified as Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, whereas the bacterial endophytes were identified as Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas sp. Their antagonistic activity against S. scitamineum was assessed using the dual-culture technique. Significant variation in pathogen inhibition was observed among the tested endophytes. Trichoderma viride recorded the greatest inhibition of mycelial growth (84.24%), followed by Bacillus subtilis (80.84%), Trichoderma longibrachiatum (77.91%) and Pseudomonas sp. (67.40%). The comparatively high inhibition achieved by T. viride and B. subtilis indicates their antagonistic potential against the whip smut pathogen. These findings show that the tested endophytic microorganisms can suppress S. scitamineum under in vitro conditions. However, greenhouse and field studies are required to validate their efficacy before they can be recommended for the biological management of sugarcane whip smut. The study provides a comparative basis for prioritising isolates.

Integrated Disease Management Strategies for Fusarium Wilt in Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Prashant Bindua — 2026-07-22

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, is an important constraint to lentil production. This study evaluated the cultural requirements of the pathogen and the efficacy of selected chemical, botanical and biological treatments under laboratory, net-house and field conditions at Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. The pathogen was isolated from wilt-affected lentil plants and maintained on potato dextrose agar. Pathogenicity was confirmed on the susceptible cultivar PDL-1 by fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Mycelial growth and sporulation were assessed on different media and across temperature and pH regimes. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in vitro and under field conditions using germination, disease incidence, disease control and yield as response variables. Oatmeal agar supported the greatest colony diameter (89.57 mm) and excellent sporulation. Maximum growth at the tested temperatures occurred at 30°C (91.00 mm), while pH 6.0 supported the greatest growth among the evaluated pH levels. Carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 13% produced the highest in vitro mycelial inhibition (79.116%). Under field conditions, this treatment also recorded the highest germination (97.98%), the lowest disease incidence (14.25%), the greatest disease control over the control (43.98%) and the highest yield (11.503 q/ha). Metalaxyl and the other tested treatments also reduced wilt incidence relative to the untreated control. These findings support an integrated approach combining effective chemical and biological options for managing lentil wilt under comparable agro-climatic conditions.

Comparative Efficacy of Fungicides for the Management of White Rust (Albugo candida) in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

Sanju Choudhary — 2026-07-23

White rust, caused by Albugo candida, is one of the most destructive diseases of Indian mustard, resulting in significant yield and economic losses. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides for the management of white rust under field conditions. Field experiments were conducted at the Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute (RARI), Durgapura, Jaipur, during the rabi seasons of 2024–25 and 2025–26. Fungicidal sprays were applied at the onset of disease symptoms, and observations on disease intensity, seed yield, and economic returns were recorded. All fungicidal treatments significantly reduced disease intensity and increased seed yield compared with the untreated control. Among the treatments, Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP applied at 0.20% proved to be the most effective, recording the lowest disease intensity (13.89% and 15.00% during 2024–25 and 2025–26, respectively), the highest pooled seed yield (14.01 q ha⁻¹), and the maximum incremental cost-benefit ratio (2.85). Kresoxim-methyl 44.3% SC and Kitazin 48% EC were the next most effective fungicides in reducing disease severity and improving seed yield. In contrast, Aureofungin 46.15% SP recorded the highest pooled disease intensity (37.21%) and the lowest disease reduction over the untreated control. The findings demonstrate that Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP at 0.20% is an effective and economically viable fungicidal option for the management of white rust in Indian mustard under Rajasthan conditions.

Performance of Ten Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Genotypes as Scions for Nursery Production of Grafted Plants

Yapo Yves Olivier Adiko — 2026-07-23

Côte d’Ivoire is the world’s leading producer of raw cashew nuts, yet orchard productivity remains limited by unselected planting material and environmental constraints. This study evaluated the suitability of ten cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) genotypes as scion sources for grafted-plant production under nursery conditions during the dry season. A split-plot experiment with three replicates was established using grafter technical skill as the main factor and genotype as the secondary factor. The genotypes evaluated were TPTO2, BTNYD1, KK36, PK18, DK17, C3, PK23, W9, A2SINE, and YKKF1. Graft take, leaf emergence, and plant survival were monitored weekly until the transplanting stage. Genotype significantly influenced graft take throughout the eight-week observation period and leaf emergence from weeks 3 to 8, whereas grafter technical skill and its interaction with genotype had no significant effects on these variables. C3, A2SINE, PK23, PK18, and BTNYD1 recorded the highest final graft-take rates, while PK23, A2SINE, KK36, and TPTO2 showed comparatively early or abundant leaf emergence. The overall mean graft-take rate at week 8 was 72.5%. Survival at the transplanting stage did not differ significantly among genotypes or between grafters, and all genotypes maintained survival rates above 60%. The findings indicate that scion genotype is important during early nursery establishment, although final survival was broadly comparable under the conditions tested. Genotypes combining satisfactory graft take, leaf development, and survival merit further evaluation across seasons and nursery environments.

Leveraging Quantitative Trait Variation for Targeted Selection of Accessions in a Validated Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Mini Core Collection

G. P. Harshitha — 2026-07-23

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a seed legume of considerable economic importance. Characterising a mini core set and identifying trait-specific accessions can facilitate the effective use of extensive soybean germplasm collections in breeding programmes. The present investigation focused on selecting accessions with desirable individual and multiple traits from a representative soybean mini core collection comprising 75 germplasm accessions. The 75 accessions and three check varieties were characterised for seven quantitative traits using an alpha-lattice design at three locations, viz., the Zonal Agricultural Research Station, GKVK, Bengaluru, Channarayapatna and K. R. Pete, during Kharif 2023 and summer 2024. Best linear unbiased predictors (BLUPs) were estimated for all quantitative traits. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences among accessions for each trait, confirming substantial within-collection variability. Based on the [mean - 1 standard deviation] criterion, 10 early-flowering, eight short-statured and nine early-maturing accessions were selected. Based on the [mean + 2 standard deviations] criterion, six accessions with more secondary branches plant^-1, eight with more pods plant^-1, seven with greater hundred-seed weight and nine with higher seed yield plant^-1 were identified. Eight accessions exhibited desirable performance for multiple traits and outperformed all three check varieties. These accessions may be preferentially used in crossing programmes to generate additional variability for developing varieties with traits preferred by farmers and end users.

Engineering Properties of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Fruits and Tree Architecture for the Development of a Manually Operated Harvester

Lankesh Wate — 2026-07-24

Aims: This study aimed to determine the engineering properties of NA-7 aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) fruits and tree architectural characteristics required for the design and development of a manually operated aonla harvester.

Study Design: An experimental study involving field measurements of tree architectural parameters and laboratory determination of fruit engineering properties.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at ICAR–Central Horticultural Experiment Station and the College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology during the 2025–2026 research period.

Methodology: Fifteen randomly selected NA-7 aonla trees were evaluated to determine tree height, canopy diameter, canopy height and canopy volume using a total station. In addition, 100 randomly selected fruits were analysed for their engineering properties, including length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, fruit mass and bulk density. Standard measurement procedures and established engineering equations were used to determine the required parameters.

Results: The average tree height, canopy diameter and canopy volume were 8.19 m, 6.48 m and 176.20 m³, respectively, while the maximum height to the point of maximum canopy spread was 6.14 m. The average geometric mean diameter, sphericity, fruit mass and bulk density of the fruits were 34.76 ± 1.76 mm, 0.97 ± 0.02, 35.76 ± 1.18 g and 599.44 ± 13.99 kg/m³, respectively. Based on the measured tree architecture, the effective maximum telescopic handle length required for harvesting was estimated to be approximately 6 m, enabling access to the major fruit-bearing region of the canopy.

Conclusion: The engineering properties of NA-7 aonla fruits and tree architectural characteristics generated in this study provide essential design information for the development of a manually operated harvesting system. The results may also serve as a useful engineering database for future research on harvesting equipment for aonla and other fruit crops with similar canopy architecture.

Dynamics of Export Competitiveness in Global Tea Trade: A Comparative Study of Major Exporters

Imon Das — 2026-07-24

This study examines the export competitiveness of four major tea-exporting countries, namely India, China, Kenya and Sri Lanka, during 2000-2024 using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) indices. It further evaluates the stability of export competitiveness through the Coefficient of Variation (CV) and Cuddy-Della Valle Index (CDVI), while temporal changes in competitiveness are analysed using a semi-log trend model. Secondary data were obtained from the FAOSTAT database. The results indicate that all selected countries maintained a comparative advantage (RCA > 1) in tea exports throughout the study period. Kenya exhibited the highest and most persistent comparative advantage, followed by Sri Lanka, China and India. China demonstrated a steady improvement in export competitiveness with the lowest instability, reflecting structural strengthening and sustained market expansion. In contrast, India and Sri Lanka experienced significant declines in comparative advantage, indicating weakening competitiveness despite maintaining export specialisation. Kenya retained exceptionally high competitiveness with only marginal improvement over time, which is characteristic of a mature export sector. The findings suggest that enhancing productivity, improving quality standards, diversifying export markets and promoting technological innovation are important for sustaining competitiveness in the evolving global tea market, particularly for countries experiencing declining comparative advantage.

Design and Development of an Electrically Operated Sugarcane Single-Node Cutter

D. V. Patil — 2026-07-25

The conventional system of sugarcane cultivation requires 9–10 tonnes of seed cane per hectare, comprising about 32,000 stalk pieces with two or three buds. This large quantity of planting material creates difficulties in the transport, handling and storage of seed cane and is subject to rapid deterioration, which can reduce bud viability and subsequent sprouting. Traditional sugarcane planting is costly, labour-intensive and time-consuming, and uniform bud placement in the field is difficult to achieve when whole-stalk setts are used. To address peak labour demand and reduce planting-material costs, an electrically operated sugarcane single-node cutter was fabricated in the Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, CAET, VNMKV, Parbhani. Locally available materials and components, including sheet metal, angle sections, nuts, bolts, blades and rods, were used in its fabrication. The machine was designed to cut single-node sections and thereby reduce cutting time and planting-material costs. It comprised two carbide-tipped stainless-steel blades, an extended shaft, a discharge hopper and a blade spacer, powered by a single-phase 1 hp electric motor. The average cutting speed was 1409 rpm for sugarcane diameters of 27.36, 30.61 and 35.60 mm. The corresponding numbers of nodes cut per minute were 25, 19 and 18, respectively. The prototype weighed 55 kg and was operated by one skilled labourer. During operation, the average sound level was 91.9 dB(A), and average energy consumption was 0.66 kWh per hour. The machine could prepare the nodes required for one hectare in 8.81 h.

Optimization of Gibberellic Acid (GA₃) and Kinetin Seed Priming for Improving Germination and Seedling Vigour of Soybean

Eshita Kundu — 2026-07-25

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is one of the most important oilseed crops, and its successful cultivation depends on rapid germination, uniform emergence, and vigorous seedling establishment. Hormonal seed priming has been recognised as an effective technique for improving seed physiological performance; however, the appropriate concentration and soaking duration of plant growth regulators must be optimised before their practical application. The present investigation was undertaken to optimise the concentration and soaking duration of gibberellic acid (GA₃) and kinetin for soybean seed priming under laboratory conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Seed Testing Laboratory, Department of Seed Science and Technology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur, West Bengal, India, using a completely randomised design with three replications. Seeds of the soybean cultivar BRAGG were exposed to nine treatment combinations for each hormone, including an unprimed control. Germination percentage, root length, shoot length, and Seedling Vigour Index-I were assessed according to ISTA procedures. Hormonal priming significantly improved all the evaluated seed quality parameters compared with the control. Among the GA₃ treatments, priming with 100 ppm GA₃ for 2 h proved most effective, resulting in the highest germination (91.3%), root length (15.747 cm), shoot length (19.800 cm), and Seedling Vigour Index-I (3246.660). Likewise, priming with 200 ppm kinetin for 2 h produced the best response among the kinetin treatments, recording a germination percentage of 88.3%, root length of 14.100 cm, shoot length of 18.567 cm, and Seedling Vigour Index-I of 2885.533. Increasing the concentration of either hormone beyond the optimum level did not produce further improvement, emphasising the importance of optimising both hormone concentration and priming duration. Comparative evaluation indicated that GA₃ was more effective than kinetin in enhancing seed germination and seedling vigour under laboratory conditions. Therefore, priming soybean seeds with 100 ppm GA₃ for 2 h can be recommended as the optimum treatment, while 200 ppm kinetin for 2 h may serve as a suitable alternative. Nevertheless, field studies are required to validate these findings under diverse environmental conditions.

An Assessment of the Temporal Dynamics of Tomato Cultivation in India and Chhattisgarh: A Growth and Instability Analysis

M. J. S. L. Naga Durga — 2026-07-27

Tomato is one of the most important commercial vegetable crops in India, contributing significantly to farmers' income, nutritional security, and the horticultural economy. Understanding its long-term growth dynamics is essential for designing appropriate production and marketing policies. The present study assessed the temporal dynamics of tomato cultivation in India and Chhattisgarh by analysing growth and instability in area, production, and productivity during 2004–05 to 2024–25. Secondary data were collected from the National Horticulture Board and the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Chhattisgarh. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR), coefficient of variation (CV), Cuddy–Della Valle instability index (CDVI), and coefficient of determination (R²) were employed to examine growth performance and production instability across the overall period and four subperiods. The results revealed significant positive growth in tomato cultivation in both India and Chhattisgarh. At the national level, area, production, and productivity recorded statistically significant CAGR values of 2.17, 4.44, and 2.22 per cent per annum, respectively. Chhattisgarh exhibited comparatively higher growth, with corresponding CAGR values of 4.08, 7.54, and 3.32 per cent, reflecting the rapid commercialisation of tomato cultivation in the state. However, Chhattisgarh also experienced relatively greater instability than the national average, particularly during the initial phase of the study period. The findings indicate that, while expansion in cultivated area contributed to production growth, improvements in productivity have increasingly become a major driver of tomato production. The study emphasises the need for productivity-enhancing technologies, efficient irrigation, quality planting material, balanced nutrient management, improved post-harvest infrastructure, and effective market support mechanisms to ensure stable and sustainable growth of the tomato sector in India and Chhattisgarh.

Constraints in Fertiliser Management of Major Field Crops in Telangana, India

Kemekar Pavankumar — 2026-07-27

Balanced fertiliser management plays a vital role in sustaining crop productivity and maintaining soil health. Nevertheless, considerable variation exists in fertiliser use across major field crops, resulting in inefficient nutrient management. The present study was undertaken to identify the key constraints affecting fertiliser management among farmers and to propose practical strategies for improving fertiliser use in Telangana. Six major field crops, namely paddy, cotton, maize, red gram, soybean and Bengal gram, were selected based on their area under cultivation. A multistage sampling procedure resulted in the selection of six districts, 12 mandals, 36 villages and 360 farmers. Constraints were categorised into economic, technical, logistical and psychological dimensions and prioritised using Henry Garrett's ranking technique. The findings revealed that the high cost of fertilisers and manures was the most prominent economic constraint, whereas inadequate knowledge regarding fertiliser types, application rates, timing and methods emerged as the major technical limitation. The unavailability of manures and shortage of labour during critical operations were identified as the leading logistical constraints. Among the psychological factors, farmers showed limited confidence in the use of potassic fertilisers and balanced nutrient management practices beyond nitrogen and phosphorus. To address these challenges, a comprehensive set of interventions is suggested, including improved subsidy and credit support, strengthened extension and capacity-building programmes, expanded soil-testing and input-supply services, promotion of local manure production and field-based demonstrations to enhance farmers' confidence in scientific fertiliser recommendations. Implementing these measures through coordinated efforts by government agencies, research institutions and extension organisations could promote balanced fertiliser use, improve nutrient-use efficiency and support sustainable agricultural production.

Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency of Bottle Gourd Production with low Tunnel Technology and Open Field in Bikaner District of Rajasthan

Priyanka Yadav — 2026-07-28

Introduction: The arid western region of Rajasthan, characterized by the Thar Desert, is an important area for cultivating bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), a versatile vegetable from the Cucurbitaceous family. This crop thrives in tropical and subtropical climates and provides edible fruits that are rich in carbohydrates and calcium, along with medicinally valuable pulp and leaves.

Methodology: The Bikaner district of Rajasthan was purposively selected for the present study. The methodology adopted for the study includes the sampling technique and analytical tools used, which are described in the following sections.

(A) Sampling Technique: This study evaluates the resource use efficiency of bottle gourd production in Bikaner, Rajasthan, and comparing low tunnel technology with traditional open field methods. Total 60 farmers were selected for the study. Out of these 30 farmers were selected, those have low tunnel technology and 30 have traditional open field cultivation of bottle gourd.

(B) Analytical Technique: The Cobb-Douglas production function was applied to calculate allocative efficiencies, with the MVP represented by the first differential of the dependent variable, which were the gross returns from bottle gourd cultivation.

Findings: Results indicated that the regression coefficients for seed (0.353) and human labor (0.214) were significant at the 5 percent and 10 percent levels, respectively, showing a positive effect on yield. Although the coefficients for FYM (0.028) and plant protection (0.092) were positive, they were not significant. Conversely, machine labor (-0.728), chemical fertilizer (-0.202), and irrigation (-0.0028) had negative, non-significant coefficients. However, the coefficient for FYM (0.66) was significant at the 5 percent level, indicating a positive impact on yield.

Conclusion: The study conclude that low tunnel technology was more efficient than open field cultivation, with a mean technical efficiency of 99 percent compared to 84 percent for open fields. Economic efficiency was also higher for low tunnel systems, with scores of 0.50 compared to 0.29 for open fields. Efficient resource allocation could potentially increase returns by 50 percent in low tunnel systems and by 35 percent in open field systems.

Influence of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Vertisols under Chickpea Cultivation

Ranjana Vasunya — 2026-07-28

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2025–26 at the AICRP on Dryland Agriculture Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, to evaluate the influence of organic manures and inorganic Fertilizers on the physico-chemical properties of Vertisols under chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivation. The experiment comprised nine treatments involving different levels of inorganic Fertilizers, farmyard manure (FYM), crop residues and their combinations, arranged in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The integrated application of FYM (6 t ha⁻¹) with N₂₀P₁₃ (T₆) significantly improved soil quality compared with the sole inorganic Fertilizer treatments and the control. This treatment recorded the highest soil organic carbon (0.79%), available nitrogen (318 kg ha⁻¹), available phosphorus (16.2 kg ha⁻¹), available potassium (730 kg ha⁻¹) and available sulphur (19.3 mg kg⁻¹). Organic manure treatments also reduced soil bulk density and enhanced water-holding capacity while maintaining soil pH and electrical conductivity within acceptable limits. Furthermore, integrated nutrient management increased the availability of DTPA-extractable micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) and improved chickpea growth and productivity. The results indicate that combining organic manures with inorganic Fertilizers improved soil physico-chemical properties, nutrient availability and soil fertility under the experimental conditions. Integrated nutrient management may therefore be an effective strategy for maintaining soil health and improving crop productivity in Vertisols.

Implementation, Beneficiary Coverage, and Reported Adoption under DAPSC Agricultural Interventions in Mahabubabad District, Telangana, India

L. Suhasini — 2026-07-28

This study documents the implementation, beneficiary coverage, and reported outcomes of agricultural and livelihood interventions undertaken under the Development Action Plan for Scheduled Castes (DAPSC), formerly the Scheduled Caste Sub Plan, by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malyal, in Mahabubabad district, Telangana, India, from 2021–22 to 2025–26. A retrospective descriptive programme review was conducted using KVK administrative records, project reports, training and distribution registers, and field documentation. Available adoption schedules for 120 beneficiaries were analysed using frequencies and percentages. During the five-year period, the programme conducted 25 agricultural training programmes, eight skill-development programmes, and eight field demonstrations. It distributed 156.53 quintals of seed to 595 beneficiary entries, 2,800 poultry chicks to 265 beneficiary entries, 170 Soil Health Cards, farm implements, enterprise-oriented assets, and selected biological pest- and disease-management inputs. Reported adoption among the 120 surveyed beneficiaries was highest for fine-grain rice varieties (81.67%), green manuring before rice (76.67%), bold-grain rice varieties (76.67%), pulse varieties (71.67%), and integrated pest management in chilli (70.00%). Programme records also described increases in rice, redgram, and green gram yields during the implementation period; however, the absence of a comparison group and inferential analysis precludes causal attribution. The findings show substantial programme reach and provide a structured account of locally selected interventions. They should be interpreted as descriptive evidence of implementation and reported technology uptake rather than as a definitive estimate of long-term socio-economic impact.

Assessment of Variability, Genotype × Growth Stage Interaction of Physiological Traits, and Their Association with Grain Yield in Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Evaluated under Natural Blast Disease Incidence

Sujata Bhat — 2026-07-29

Aim: Blast disease is one of the most destructive biotic stresses limiting finger millet production, particularly in semi-arid regions. It adversely affects crop productivity by reducing photosynthetic efficiency across growth stages and can cause substantial grain yield losses. This study evaluated variability in physiological traits, genotype × growth stage interactions, and associations between these traits and grain yield among finger millet genotypes under natural blast disease incidence.

Study Design: Thirty finger millet genotypes were evaluated in a Randomised Complete Block Design with three replications.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the ICAR–All India Coordinated Research Project on Small Millets, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, during Kharif 2025.

Methodology: Genotypes were grown in two 3 m rows at a spacing of 30 × 10 cm. One blast-resistant, high-yielding cultivar and two susceptible checks were included. An infector-row technique under natural epiphytotic conditions was used to promote uniform blast disease pressure. Blast severity, grain yield per plant, days to maturity, and major physiological traits were recorded.

Results: Significant genetic variation was observed among the finger millet genotypes for all evaluated traits. Genotypes GE 16, GE 4805, and GE 5155 exhibited high grain yield, favourable blast responses, and favourable physiological performance. The genotype × growth stage interaction was highly significant for SPAD chlorophyll content, leaf area index, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Susceptible genotypes recorded higher proportions of unfilled grains than the resistant check. Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate showed significant positive associations with grain yield.

Conclusion: GE 16, GE 4805, and GE 5155 were identified as promising genotypes combining high grain yield, favourable blast responses, and physiological efficiency. Photosynthetic traits may serve as useful selection criteria when breeding high-yielding, blast-tolerant finger millet cultivars.

Mulching-Induced Improvement in Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality and Profitability of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Lateritic Soil Conditions of Eastern India

Tapan Das — 2026-07-29

Background: Tomato productivity in lateritic soils is constrained by low moisture retention and limited nutrient availability.

Aims: The study aims to evaluate the effects of straw and polyethylene mulches on the growth, flowering, yield, fruit quality, and economics of two tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) varieties under the lateritic conditions of West Bengal.

Study Design: Factorial randomized block design.

Place and Duration of Study: Experimental Field, Midnapore City College, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India, during the rabi season of 2023–2024.

Methodology: The experiment comprised two tomato varieties (PKM-1 and S-22) and five mulching treatments: control, rice straw mulch, black polyethylene mulch, white polyethylene mulch, and red polyethylene mulch, with three replications. Growth, flowering, yield, fruit quality (vitamin C and vitamin A), and economic parameters were recorded using standard procedures. Correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationships between fruit yield and its contributing traits.

Results: Tomato variety, mulching material, and their interaction significantly (P < 0.05) influenced growth, yield, fruit quality, and economic parameters. Among the varieties, S-22 recorded greater plant height (83.98 cm), more effective branches (9.23 plant⁻¹), more fruits per plant (67.20), a higher fruit yield (27.66 t ha⁻¹; 9.82% higher than PKM-1), and a higher vitamin C content than PKM-1. Among the mulching treatments, black polyethylene mulch produced the greatest plant height (87.60 cm), number of effective branches (14.51 plant⁻¹), number of fruits per plant (81.50), individual fruit weight (25.50 g), fruit yield (32.34 t ha⁻¹; 60.41% higher than the control), net return (₹17,458 ha⁻¹), and benefit:cost ratio (1.04). The S-22 × black polyethylene mulch interaction recorded the highest fruit yield (34.20 t ha⁻¹; 78.20% higher than PKM-1 without mulch). Correlation analysis showed that fruit number had a stronger association with fruit yield (R² = 0.880) than individual fruit weight (R² = 0.735).

Conclusion: The combination of S-22 and black polyethylene mulch was the most effective for improving tomato growth, yield, fruit quality, and profitability under the lateritic conditions of eastern India. Further multi-season and multi-location studies are needed to validate these findings.

Climate-Resilient Integrated Farming System (IFS) Models for Enhancing Farmers Income in the Western Gangetic Plains

R. N. Padaria — 2026-07-30

Climate-resilient integrated farming systems (IFS) may improve the stability of farm income by combining complementary crop, livestock, fodder, horticultural, agroforestry, and composting enterprises. This study documented and assessed two farmer-led IFS models in the Western Gangetic Plains: a rice–wheat-based model in Nuh district, Haryana, and a sugarcane-based model in Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh. A case-study approach was used, supported by personal interviews, observation, documentation, and purposive sampling. Enterprise-level costs, gross returns, net returns, benefit–cost ratios, and employment generation were assessed and aggregated at farm level. The 5.4-ha rice–wheat-based model integrated field crops, sorghum fodder, dairy farming, and vermicomposting. It recorded a total cultivation cost of Rs 345,830, gross income of Rs 1,079,000, net income of Rs 733,170, a benefit–cost ratio of 3.12, and 400 person-days of employment. The 2.6-ha sugarcane-based model integrated sugarcane, banana, sorghum fodder, dairy farming, poplar-based agroforestry, and vermicomposting. It recorded a total cost of Rs 463,678, gross income of Rs 889,450, net income of Rs 425,772, a benefit–cost ratio of 1.90, and 699 person-days of employment. The findings indicate that enterprise diversification and internal resource linkages can support farm income and employment. However, the results are specific to the selected farms and do not directly quantify climate resilience or environmental outcomes.

Awareness and Purchasing Behaviour of Farmers Towards Azoxystrobin 18.2% + Difenoconazole 11.4% SC Fungicide for Cumin Crop in Jasdan Taluka, Rajkot District, Gujarat, India

Patel Nikunj — 2026-07-30

The study examined farmers’ awareness and purchasing behaviour regarding azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenoconazole 11.4% SC fungicide used in cumin cultivation in Jasdan Taluka, Rajkot District, Gujarat. A descriptive research design was adopted using primary data collected from 200 cumin-growing farmers purposively selected from 20 villages between December 2025 and March 2026, together with relevant secondary data. Percentage analysis was used to describe the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, whereas the weighted average mean (WAM) method was applied to assess purchasing factors, awareness, and satisfaction. Most respondents were middle-aged, had primary or secondary education, and operated small or semi-medium landholdings. Groundnut was the major kharif crop, while all respondents cultivated cumin during the rabi season; some also cultivated gram and wheat. Tube wells and wells were the principal irrigation sources, and Alternaria blight was the most frequently reported disease affecting cumin. Brand image and product quality were the strongest purchasing influences, followed by recommendations from fellow farmers and agro-service centres. Past experience and demonstrations were also influential, whereas advertisements, credit facilities, and packaging size had comparatively less influence. Awareness of the anonymised company and product was incomplete, although users reported moderate to high satisfaction, particularly with yield, quality, and performance. Farmer meetings and field demonstrations were the most influential promotional activities. The findings indicate the importance of product quality, credible advisory support, practical demonstrations, and clear communication regarding safe fungicide use.

Assessment of Linseed (RMLS-11) Productivity and Evaluation of Its Value Added Products

S. Vanishree — 2026-07-31

A study was conducted during 2024-25 and 2025-26 under the jurisdiction of the Agricultural Extension Education Centre, Lingasugur, in collaboration with AICRP-Linseed, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The study aimed to promote the cultivation and consumption of linseed to support nutritional security through frontline demonstrations and capacity-building programmes. Information on the non-adoption of this crop was collected using a pre-structured schedule. Linseed seed was distributed to randomly selected farmers in Lingasugur Taluka of Raichur District. The results revealed that the improved variety RMLS-11 gave a higher yield (4.3 q/acre) than the farmers' local variety (2.5 q/acre). A lack of awareness of the nutritional importance and nutraceutical value of linseed, the non-availability of improved seed varieties, and limited marketing opportunities were the major constraints to the adoption of linseed cultivation recorded using the structured schedule. Regarding the non-adoption of intercropping with other rabi crops, farmers reported that separate harvesting and threshing were tedious and labour-intensive. An extension gap of 1.08 q/acre and a technology gap of 3.8 q/acre were observed during the study period. The preparation and consumption methods of different value-added linseed products were demonstrated through capacity-building programmes. Among the value-added products, linseed hurigalu received the highest acceptability, followed by linseed burfi and chutney powder.

Comparative Evaluation of Vegetable Amaranthus Genotypes for Growth Traits and Leaf Yield Potential

Avneesh Rathour — 2026-07-31

Vegetable amaranth is a rapidly growing leafy vegetable valued for its foliage productivity and nutritional importance. This study evaluated 28 vegetable amaranth genotypes under field conditions during the summer season of 2023 at the Vegetable Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The experiment was arranged in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Plant height, leaf count per plant, leaf and stem weights, leaf-to-stem ratio, cumulative foliage yield per plant, yield per plot, days to first cutting and foliage yield per hectare were assessed. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among the genotypes for all evaluated traits, indicating substantial phenotypic variability. VRAM-145 recorded the highest cumulative foliage yield per plant (93.44 g), yield per plot (5.89 kg plot⁻¹) and foliage yield per hectare (261.63 q ha⁻¹). Arka Suguna, VRAM-339 and VRAM-045 also showed high foliage productivity, with yields of 251.82, 251.33 and 247.59 q ha⁻¹, respectively. Kashi Suhawani produced the highest leaf weight per plant (26.71 g), whereas Arka Arunima recorded the highest leaf-to-stem ratio (4.65). VRAM-339 was the earliest genotype, reaching the first cutting stage in 23 days. The results identify VRAM-145 as the leading genotype for foliage yield and indicate that Arka Suguna, VRAM-339 and VRAM-045 are also promising for further evaluation. Multi-location and multi-season testing is required before recommendations for wider cultivation are made.

Integrated Management of White Rust of Mustard (Brassica juncea) Caused by Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze in the Bundelkhand Region, India

Priya Tawar — 2026-08-01

Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) is a major oilseed crop in India, but its productivity is severely constrained by white rust caused by Albugo candida. Despite the availability of fungicides, botanicals, and resistant varieties, region-specific information on disease incidence and effective management in the Bundelkhand region remains limited. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to survey the occurrence of white rust, assess its severity, and evaluate suitable management strategies for reducing yield losses in mustard. A roving survey was conducted in five districts of Bundelkhand (Jhansi, Lalitpur, Banda, Hamirpur, and Chitrakoot), covering 75 farmers' fields, to assess disease incidence and severity. Disease incidence and severity were recorded using standard formulae and a 0-9 disease-rating scale. Field experiments were conducted in a randomised block design with three replications and nine treatments comprising fungicides and botanical extracts. The treatments included Apron 35 SD, Metalaxyl MZ, Mancozeb, and botanical extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and onion (Allium cepa). Observations on disease incidence, disease severity, plant height, and seed yield were recorded. The survey results revealed that white rust incidence in the Bundelkhand region ranged from 10.40 to 25.87 per cent, with the highest mean incidence recorded in Jhansi (21.33%) and the lowest in Chitrakoot (16.66%). Among the management treatments evaluated, treatment T₂ (Apron 35 SD seed treatment followed by a foliar spray of Metalaxyl MZ at 0.2%) was the most effective. It recorded the lowest disease incidence (16.60%), minimum disease severity (8.83%), highest disease control (55.13%), and complete suppression of staghead infection (0.00%). The treatment also produced the maximum plant height (89.0 cm) and seed yield (1,614 kg ha⁻¹), representing a 55.19 per cent increase over the untreated control. Furthermore, treatment T₂ generated the highest gross income (Rs. 96,840 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (1:4.30), indicating superior economic viability. Although other fungicidal treatments, particularly treatment T₄ (Metalaxyl MZ at 0.2%) and T₅ (Mancozeb at 0.2%), reduced disease and improved yield, their performance was lower than that of treatment T₂. Botanical treatments showed moderate efficacy, with neem (Azadirachta indica) extract performing better than the other botanicals. Overall, seed treatment with Apron 35 SD followed by foliar application of Metalaxyl MZ at 0.2% was the most effective and economically favourable strategy for managing white rust of mustard under the study conditions in Bundelkhand.

Five-Year Descriptive Evaluation of Organic Nutrient Modules for Wheat in Northern Gujarat, India

M. S. Dabhi — 2026-08-01

A five-season field-scale evaluation was conducted at the Wheat Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Vijapur, Gujarat, during the rabi seasons of 2019-20 to 2023-24. Four organic nutrient modules were compared in separate large plots, and 10 quadrats of 1 x 1 m were sampled within each plot. Because each module was represented by one large plot, quadrats were treated as subsamples and the results were summarised descriptively rather than used for treatment-level significance testing. The castor-cake module supplied 90 kg N ha^-1 through castor cake and received the same bio-inputs, Jeevamrut, Panchagavya, and need-based neem-based protection as the other modules. Across five seasons, this module had the highest mean plant height (74.28 cm), effective tiller density (339 m^-2), spike length (8.00 cm), grain yield (4,008 kg ha^-1), straw yield (6,626 kg ha^-1), harvest index (37.74%), and grain protein content (9.63%). It also had the lowest mean termite damage (3.04%). The farmyard-manure module had the lowest mean grain yield (2,510 kg ha⁻¹) and the greatest termite damage (11.45%). Differences in grains per spike and 1,000-grain weight were comparatively small. Rust was recorded only at trace level during the first two seasons and was absent thereafter; aphids were not observed. The castor-cake module generated the highest gross return (₹1,56,350 ha⁻¹), net return (₹77,719 ha⁻¹), and benefit-cost ratio (1.99). The results identify the castor-cake-based package as a promising option under the study conditions, while the non-replicated design limits causal inference and wider recommendation.

Application of Germander (Teucrium polium) Plant Extracts as Natural Growth Promoters for Faba Bean under Sustainable Agriculture

Ahmad Hyder Atia — 2026-08-01

This study evaluated aqueous extracts of germander (Teucrium polium) as natural growth-promoting treatments for three faba bean varieties (Histal, Luz, and Holland) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Extracts were applied at 0.5%, 1.5%, and 3%, with untreated samples serving as controls. Germination, seedling growth, vegetative traits, root-nodule characteristics, chlorophyll content, and the phenolic profile of the extract were assessed. Responses varied according to extract concentration and variety, indicating a concentration-by-variety interaction. Under laboratory conditions, 1.5% generally produced the highest germination percentage, whereas 3% reduced germination in some treatments, suggesting concentration-dependent allelopathic effects. The Luz variety showed the strongest seedling response, recording plumule and radicle lengths of 8.050 and 16.540 cm, respectively, at 3%. In the greenhouse, the Holland variety performed favourably for several vegetative and nodulation traits, while extract treatments increased the number, activity, and weight of root nodules at selected concentrations. Chlorophyll responses also differed among varieties and concentrations. High-performance liquid chromatography identified apigenin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, ferulic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and rutin. Gallic acid had the highest measured concentration at 142.6 ppm, whereas epicatechin had the lowest at 44.6 ppm. Overall, germander extracts showed potential as concentration-sensitive biostimulants for faba bean, although field validation is required before agronomic application.

Soil-Based Nutrient Management Strategies for Jute Cultivation in Kosi Region, Bihar, India

Vinod Kumar Singh — 2026-08-03

Alluvial soils with sandy calcic subsoils can constrain nutrient availability for jute through leaching, fixation, and redox-driven transformations, necessitating pedologically informed fertility management. This study characterised the vertical patterns of soil reaction, organic carbon, and macro- and micronutrient availability in the Pararia Series of the Kosi region to identify depletion zones and subsoil nutrient reservoirs relevant to jute-oriented management practices. Horizon-wise observations to a depth of 130 cm showed slightly alkaline surface conditions in the Ap horizon (0–20 cm; pH 7.7) and a highly alkaline calcic C1 horizon (20–52 cm; pH 8.5) with free carbonates, followed by a gradual decline in pH with depth (C2, 8.3; C3, 8.1), consistent with partial carbonate leaching and reducing conditions under an Aeric Endoaquents moisture regime. Available P, K, S, Zn, and Cu declined from the Ap to the C1 horizon (P, 12.5 to 6.2 kg ha⁻¹; K, 180 to 95 kg ha⁻¹; S, 8.2 to 4.5 ppm; Zn, 0.65 to 0.32 ppm; Cu, 1.20 to 0.75 ppm) and recovered in the clay-rich C3 horizon (P, 11.0 kg ha⁻¹; K, 165 kg ha⁻¹; S, 7.3 ppm; Zn, 0.55 ppm; Cu, 0.95 ppm), indicating subsoil nutrient reservoirs. Mg peaked in C2 (52 ppm; Ca:Mg ≈ 7.3), while Fe and Mn also reached their maxima in C2 (Fe, 3.2 ppm; Mn, 15.2 ppm), where mottling indicated redox cycling. Overall, the Pararia soils are suitable for jute cultivation, provided that management targets the nutrient-poor, alkaline, sandy calcic C1 horizon through organic amendments; localised or banded P–Zn–Cu application; balanced N and split K application; S replenishment, such as gypsum; local pH moderation using acidifying inputs; improved drainage; and regular soil testing for site-specific recommendations.

Comparison of Mycelial Growth of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya in Potato Glucose Broth

Malik Borigu — 2026-08-03

Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is the most economically important species in the genus Theobroma and is primarily cultivated in tropical regions of West Africa, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia. Black pod rot of cacao, caused mainly by the oomycetes Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya, poses a serious threat to cacao production systems. Infected pods initially develop dark-brown or black, sometimes water-soaked lesions and may eventually rot, resulting in complete fruit loss. Although the growth of P. palmivora in potato dextrose broth has been documented, information on the growth of P. megakarya in potato-based liquid media remains limited. This study aimed to isolate and compare the mycelial growth of P. palmivora and P. megakarya in Potato Glucose Broth. Under the tested conditions, P. palmivora produced visible mycelial growth, whereas visible mycelia of P. megakarya were not observed. The spent broth of P. palmivora cultures became clearer and had a higher mean residual glucose concentration (32.7 mmol/L) than the P. megakarya cultures, which retained the initial colouration and had a lower mean residual glucose concentration (26.7 mmol/L). These observations indicate that the two-species exhibited different culture responses in Potato Glucose Broth. The findings may support preliminary laboratory comparison of the species, although further studies incorporating biomass measurement, appropriate controls, and confirmatory morphological or molecular methods are needed.

Compatibility and Laboratory Bioefficacy of Beauveria bassiana Isolates Combined with Selected Insecticides against Plutella xylostella L.

Shaik Sushma Shareen — 2026-08-03

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is one of the most destructive pests of cruciferous crops and has developed resistance to several insecticides, highlighting the need for sustainable pest management strategies. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of different isolates of Beauveria bassiana with selected insecticides and to assess their bioefficacy against P. xylostella under laboratory conditions. The experiment was conducted during 2024–2025 at the Biocontrol Research and Production Centre (BRPC), Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur. Five isolates of B. bassiana (MTCC-892, NBAIM-92, NBAIM-93, Bb Local, and MTCC-1022) were evaluated in combination with emamectin benzoate, fipronil, indoxacarb, and spinosad. Compatibility was assessed by measuring radial mycelial growth and percentage inhibition at 3, 5, and 7 days after inoculation (DAI), whereas conidial production and spore viability were determined on the tenth day after inoculation. In addition, the bioefficacy of compatible B. bassiana–insecticide combinations was evaluated against third-instar larvae of P. xylostella under laboratory conditions. Significant differences were observed among fungal isolates, insecticides, and their interactions for all compatibility parameters. Bb Local recorded the highest radial growth at 3 DAI (44.03 mm) and 5 DAI (63.90 mm), whereas NBAIM-92 exhibited the highest growth at 7 DAI (77.29 mm). Among the insecticide treatments, emamectin benzoate caused the greatest reduction in fungal growth, recording mean radial growth values of 27.06, 40.95, and 58.13 mm at 3, 5, and 7 DAI, respectively. Fipronil recorded the highest mean spore count (1.69 × 10⁸ spores mL⁻¹) and spore viability (97.31%) among the insecticide treatments. Although all insecticides reduced fungal growth and sporulation, spore viability remained above 95% in all treatments, indicating good compatibility. Bioefficacy was evaluated by recording larval mortality at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after treatment. Spinosad recorded the highest mean mortality at 24 h (65.56%), 48 h (82.61%), and 72 h (96.10%) and achieved 100% mortality by 96 h, whereas all tested insecticide treatments resulted in 100% mortality by 120 h. Among the fungal isolates, NBAIM-92 recorded the highest mean mortality at 120 h (89.36%). Under the laboratory conditions of this study, the evaluated B. bassiana–insecticide combinations showed measurable compatibility and high bioefficacy against P. xylostella larvae.