Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

Bambara Groundnut in Burkina Faso: Production, Utilization and Contribution to Food and Nutrition Security: A Systematic Review

A. Traoré-Barro — 2026-07-08

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) is an indigenous African grain legume with recognised nutritional value, drought tolerance and adaptability to low-input production systems. In Burkina Faso, the crop contributes to household food supply, rural livelihoods and dietary diversification, yet available evidence remains fragmented across agronomy, genetics, nutrition, processing, pest management and socioeconomic studies. This systematic review synthesised published knowledge on Bambara groundnut in Burkina Faso to clarify its production, utilisation and contribution to food and nutrition security. Literature was searched in Google Scholar, Scopus and African Journals Online following a PRISMA-based approach. Forty-seven documents met the inclusion criteria. The reviewed studies show that Bambara groundnut is produced across all administrative regions of Burkina Faso and is valued for its ability to grow under semi-arid, low-fertility and low-input conditions. Evidence also indicates substantial phenotypic and molecular diversity among local landraces, supporting future breeding for yield, adaptation and disease resistance. Nutritional studies report appreciable protein, carbohydrate, mineral, amino acid and bioactive compound contents, while processing studies highlight opportunities for fortified foods, fermented products and poultry feed ingredients. However, wider use is constrained by limited improved varieties, weak seed systems, storage pests, fungal contamination, long cooking time, limited processing technologies and insufficient research coordination. Strengthened multidisciplinary research, participatory breeding and value-chain development are needed to enhance the role of Bambara groundnut in sustainable agriculture and food and nutrition security in Burkina Faso.

Agroecological Adaptability and Agronomic Performance Stability of Six Fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf) Genotypes in Three Agroecological Zones of Burkina Faso

Soumana Kone — 2026-06-25

Fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf) is an important minor cereal in West Africa, but its production remains constrained by low yields and the limited availability of improved varieties. This study evaluated the adaptation and agronomic performance of six fonio genotypes across three agroecological zones of Burkina Faso. Field trials were conducted during the 2020 cropping season at Farako-Bâ, Banfora and Kamboinsin. The plant material consisted of five genotypes from the INERA collection and one registered check variety, CVF109. The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design with three replications at each site. Six quantitative traits were recorded: days to flowering, plant height, panicle length, number of tillers per plant, thousand-grain weight and grain yield. Analysis of variance, broad-sense heritability estimation, yield stability assessment and AMMI analysis were used to evaluate genotype performance and adaptation. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for most agronomic traits. Broad-sense heritability was high for most traits, with values above 60%, except for number of tillers, which showed lower values at some sites. The genotypes flowered early, with days to flowering ranging from 57 to 70 days across sites. Grain yield varied by genotype and location. Genotype CVF234 recorded the highest yields, with 722 kg/ha at Farako-Bâ, 730 kg/ha at Banfora and 735 kg/ha at Kamboinsin. Stability analysis indicated that CVF416 was the most stable genotype, followed by CVF234. AMMI analysis suggested differential adaptation of genotypes to the study sites. The results indicate useful genetic variability among the tested fonio genotypes and support further evaluation of promising materials for possible inclusion in the national variety registration process.

Growth and Yield Response of Wheat Varieties to Irrigation Scheduling under Semi-Arid Conditions

Pankaj Singh Thaneshwar — 2026-06-26

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2024-25 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Vikrant University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, to evaluate the response of wheat varieties to irrigation scheduling under semi-arid conditions. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomised block design with three replications. Treatments comprised three irrigation schedules, namely IW/CPE ratios of 0.6 (I₁), 0.8 (I₂) and 1.0 (I₃), and three wheat varieties, HI-1650 (V₁), HI-1634 (V₂) and RVS-4106 (V₃). Growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded and analysed using analysis of variance. Irrigation scheduling significantly affected wheat growth, yield attributes and yield. The IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 recorded the highest plant height at 90 DAS (93.15 cm), effective tillers at 60 DAS (8.13 plant⁻¹), dry matter accumulation at harvest (37.43 g plant⁻¹), spike length (11.66 cm), grains spike⁻¹ (50.44), 1000-grain weight (43.63 g), grain yield (5182.22 kg ha⁻¹) and straw yield (7429.55 kg ha⁻¹). Among the varieties, HI-1650 produced the highest 1000-grain weight (44.68 g), grain yield (5616.66 kg ha⁻¹) and harvest index (44.03%), whereas RVS-4106 showed greater vegetative growth and straw yield. The interaction between irrigation schedules and varieties was significant for grain and straw yield. The combination of IW/CPE ratio 1.0 with HI-1650 (I₃V₁) produced the maximum grain yield (5850 kg ha⁻¹). These results suggest that adequate irrigation increased growth and yield expression, while varietal differences affected the allocation of biomass to grain and straw. The findings indicate that scheduling irrigation at IW/CPE ratio 1.0 with HI-1650 was the most productive treatment combination for wheat under the semi-arid conditions of Gwalior.

Effects of Chromolaena odorata Biomass Combined with Mineral Fertiliser on Soil Macrofauna Density and Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth in Central-Western Côte d’Ivoire

Achille N’Guessan KOFFI — 2026-06-27

This study evaluated the effects of Chromolaena odorata L. biomass, applied alone or in combination with mineral fertiliser, on soil macrofauna density and maize (Zea mays L.) growth in the Daloa region of central-western Côte d’Ivoire. The experiment was conducted on fallow land dominated by C. odorata using a randomised complete block design with four replicates and four treatments: C. odorata biomass alone (Co), C. odorata biomass combined with NPK (Co+NPK), NPK alone (T1) and an untreated control (T0). Soil macrofauna were collected using monolith sampling and were identified and counted. Maize growth was assessed from 34 to 62 days after sowing using plant height, number of leaves and stem collar diameter. The recorded macrofauna comprised three principal groups: Clitellata, Insecta and Diplopoda. A total of nine species and 1,200 individuals were recorded across treatments. The Co treatment produced the highest macrofauna density (464 individuals m⁻²), whereas Co+NPK showed the greatest species richness, with six species and 400 individuals m⁻². The control recorded 272 individuals m⁻², while NPK alone had the lowest density and diversity, with 64 individuals m⁻² and three species. Maize height increased over time and reached its maximum at 62 days after sowing. The tallest plants were observed under NPK-based treatments, with T1 reaching an average height of 144 cm. Stem collar diameter showed treatment-related variation during intermediate growth, but values converged at approximately 30 mm at 62 days after sowing. Leaf number varied only slightly, from 10.48 to 10.83 leaves per plant, with no significant treatment effect. Overall, C. odorata biomass supported soil macrofauna, while its combination with NPK maintained biological activity and supported maize growth.

Influence of Seed Physical and Engineering Properties on the Design of Inclined Plate Seed Metering Mechanism

V. M. Victor — 2026-06-27

The performance of seed metering mechanisms in planters is strongly influenced by the physical and engineering properties of seeds, which affect seed flow, singulation and placement uniformity. This study evaluated nine crop seeds—paddy, maize, groundnut, wheat, soybean, chickpea, linseed, mustard and finger millet—representing large, medium and small seed categories, with three varieties of each crop. The measured parameters included seed length, breadth and thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, sphericity, surface area, volume, thousand grain mass, moisture content, true density, bulk density, angle of repose and coefficient of static friction. The results showed considerable variability among crops and varieties. Groundnut recorded the greatest mean seed length (12.9 mm), followed by maize (9.25 mm) and paddy (8.08 mm), whereas finger millet had the smallest seed dimensions. Soybean showed relatively high sphericity, with a mean value of about 0.80, indicating a more rounded seed shape. Thousand grain mass differed markedly among crops, with groundnut showing the highest variability (standard deviation 59.87 g), while mustard and finger millet recorded the lowest mean values. Density, angle of repose and coefficient of friction also varied among crop groups, indicating differences in hopper filling, seed flow and interaction with planter components. Groundnut exhibited the lowest angle of repose, suggesting comparatively better flowability, while wheat showed greater variation in flow-related properties. The findings indicate that seed dimensions, shape, mass, density and frictional behaviour should be considered when selecting groove dimensions, hopper slope, material surfaces and metering-cell geometry for inclined plate seed metering mechanisms intended for multi-crop planting.

Marketing and Institutional Constraints in Rose Value Chains: A Comparative Analysis of FPO and Non-FPO Stakeholders in Rajasthan, India

Anil Singh Rawat — 2026-06-27

The present study examined the marketing and institutional constraints faced by stakeholders in FPO and non-FPO rose value chains in Ajmer district, Rajasthan. The study focused on rose growers, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), and market intermediaries involved in the rose value chain. Primary data were collected from 80 rose growers, comprising 40 FPO member farmers and 40 non-FPO farmers, along with selected FPO representatives and market intermediaries, including village traders, processors, wholesalers, and retailers. Garrett’s Ranking Technique was used to prioritise the constraints reported by different stakeholder groups. The findings showed that the lack of linkages with other farmers’ organisations was the most important marketing constraint among FPO farmers, with a mean score of 68.30. In contrast, price fluctuations were the most severe constraint among non-FPO farmers, with a mean score of 74.43. Among FPOs, fluctuating prices of rose and rose products ranked first, followed by high processing costs. Village traders, wholesalers, and retailers also identified price fluctuations or seasonal distress due to price variation as their major constraint. Processors reported the high cost of processing equipment as the most serious limitation, followed by limited skills in operating machinery. Overall, the results indicate that price instability, weak institutional linkages, limited processing capacity, inadequate storage facilities, and insufficient market coordination restrict the efficiency of rose value chains. Strengthening institutional linkages, improving market information systems, expanding affordable processing facilities, and enhancing coordination among value-chain actors may contribute to better performance in the rose sector in Rajasthan.

Assessment of Hybrid Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under On-Farm Testing in Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Shesh Narain Singh — 2026-06-27

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop widely cultivated in Siddharthnagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India. However, smallholder farmers in the region continue to obtain suboptimal yields because of their reliance on traditional open-pollinated varieties, particularly the locally preferred Faizabadi cultivar. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Siddharthnagar conducted on-farm trials during 2022, 2023 and 2024 to compare improved hybrid cucumber varieties with the prevailing farmer practice. In 2022, the hybrid variety Testy produced 210 q/ha compared with 155 q/ha under Faizabadi, giving a 26.2% yield advantage. Its benefit-cost ratio was 3.00, compared with 2.73 under farmer practice. In 2023 and 2024, Kashi Nootan, sourced from ICAR-IIVR, Varanasi, recorded 168.60 q/ha, while Faizabadi recorded 95.54 q/ha, indicating a 76.47% yield improvement. Average fruit weight increased from 140 g under farmer practice to 210 g under Kashi Nootan. The net return under Kashi Nootan was Rs. 1,74,760/ha compared with Rs. 74,864/ha under farmer practice, and the benefit-cost ratio increased from 1.95 to 2.83. The findings indicate that improved hybrid cucumber varieties, particularly Kashi Nootan, can improve yield, fruit weight and economic returns under irrigated smallholder conditions in Siddharthnagar. Further on-farm evaluation across seasonal and agro-climatic conditions is needed to identify suitable cultivar combinations for wider recommendation.

Maize (Zea mays L.) Productivity as Influenced by Lignite and Fertiliser Combinations in Southern India

S. Laharee — 2026-06-29

Background and Aims: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a nutrient-demanding cereal crop whose productivity depends on balanced and efficient nutrient management. The integration of inorganic fertilisers with organic and biological inputs may improve nutrient availability, soil conditions and crop performance. This study evaluated the influence of lignite, fertilisers and microbial consortia on the productivity and profitability of kharif maize under semi-arid conditions in Southern India.

Study Design, Place and Methodology: A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2025–26 at the College Farm, School of Agricultural Sciences, Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad, Telangana. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments included control, farmyard manure, lignite, microbial consortia, 75% or 100% recommended dose of fertilisers and their combinations. Growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and economic returns were recorded, and the data were analysed statistically.

Results: Integrated nutrient management significantly affected maize growth and yield. Treatment T₅ (100% RDF + lignite @ 2 t ha⁻¹ + microbial consortia @ 35 kg ha⁻¹) recorded the highest plant height, leaf area, dry matter accumulation, cob length, cob girth, grain yield, stover yield and total biological yield. Treatments T₃ and T₄ also performed better than the control.

Conclusion: The combined application of 100% RDF, lignite and microbial consortia improved maize productivity under the experimental conditions.

Productivity and Economics of Summer Moong Bean (Vigna radiata L.) as Influenced by Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicides

Bhavani Vanguri — 2026-06-29

A field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre, School of Agriculture, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, during the summer season of 2025 to assess the influence of pre- and post-emergence herbicides on summer moong bean (Vigna radiata L.) variety PDM 139 (Samrat). The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments included weed-free and weedy-check plots, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin alone, pendimethalin tank mixtures with imazethapyr at different doses, and post-emergence application of quizalofop-p-ethyl and imazethapyr + imazamox at different doses. Weed-free conditions recorded the highest plant height, branches plant⁻¹, dry matter accumulation, pod length, pods plant⁻¹, grains pod⁻¹ and grain yield. Among herbicidal treatments, imazethapyr 35% WG + imazamox 35% WG at 75 g ha⁻¹ as post-emergence recorded better crop growth and yield attributes, with grain yield of 1052.68 kg ha⁻¹ and biological yield of 3112.65 kg ha⁻¹. The highest weed control efficiency among herbicidal treatments was obtained with imazethapyr + imazamox at 100 g ha⁻¹, but slight phytotoxicity was observed at this dose. The maximum benefit-cost ratio of 2.41 was recorded with imazethapyr + imazamox at 75 g ha⁻¹. The findings indicate that this treatment improved productivity and profitability under the experimental conditions.

Lemongrass Leaf Meal as a Natural Additive in Broiler Diets: Effect on Performance, Carcass Traits and Oxidative Stability of Meat from Broiler Chickens

Olayemi Rashidat, Awodoyin — 2026-06-29

A 42-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate lemongrass leaf meal (LLM) as a natural additive in broiler diets. Two hundred one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments containing 0, 2, 4 and 6 g LLM/kg feed in a completely randomised design with five replicates of 10 birds each. Growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical indices, oxidative markers, carcass traits, proximate composition, cooking loss, sensory attributes, DPPH activity and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) of breast muscle during storage were assessed. LLM inclusion did not significantly affect most growth variables beyond increased final weight and weight gain during the pre-starter phase. Carcass traits and major primal cuts were generally not significantly different, although head and back percentages varied. Breast meat from LLM-fed birds had higher protein and ash contents and lower moisture and fat contents than meat from the control group. Cooking loss, thermal shortening and most sensory scores were not significantly affected, except colour, which declined at the highest inclusion level. DPPH radical-scavenging activity increased with LLM inclusion and decreased with storage time. TVB-N increased during storage, but the 6 g/kg treatment had the lowest overall TVB-N estimate. These findings indicate that LLM can be included in broiler diets without compromising carcass yield or sensory acceptability, while improving selected meat composition and storage stability indicators.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth and Development of Syngonium Species in Vertical Gardening

Palupunuri Vidyasree — 2026-06-30

Vertical gardening is a space-efficient approach to ornamental plant production and landscape development where growing space is limited. The present investigation evaluated the effect of plant growth regulators on the growth and development of selected Syngonium species under a vertical gardening system. The experiment was conducted at the Floricultural Research Station, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana Horticultural University, during 2023–2024 and 2024–2025. The study was laid out in a factorial randomised block design with two factors. The first factor comprised four plant growth regulator treatments: Cycocel at 500 ppm, Cycocel at 1000 ppm, Benzyl Adenine at 100 ppm and Benzyl Adenine at 200 ppm. The second factor comprised three Syngonium types: Syngonium reticulata, Syngonium podophyllum ‘Neon’ and Syngonium podophyllum ‘Bronze’. Observations were recorded 125 days after planting for number of leaves per plant, plant height, plant spread in the east-west and north-south directions, and growth rate. The pooled results showed that Benzyl Adenine at 200 ppm recorded the highest number of leaves per plant (23.00), plant height (21.00 cm), east-west plant spread (23.00 cm), north-south plant spread (22.33 cm) and vigorous growth rate. Cycocel at 1000 ppm restricted growth and recorded lower values for number of leaves per plant (12.15), plant height (14.30 cm) and east-west plant spread (14.78 cm). Among the evaluated species, Syngonium reticulata showed better growth performance. The findings indicate that Benzyl Adenine may support enhanced vegetative growth, whereas Cycocel may be useful where compact growth is preferred.

Effect of Die Hole Diameter and Motor Speed on the Performance of Machine and Pellet Quality of Castor Shell

J. J. Chavda — 2026-06-30

The study evaluated the effects of die hole diameter and motor speed on machine performance and the pellet quality of castor shell. A flat die pellet machine was tested using three die hole diameters (6, 8 and 10 mm) and three motor speeds (1000, 1200 and 1400 rpm). The measured responses were pelleting capacity, pelleting efficiency, energy consumption, pellet bulk density and pellet durability. The results showed that the 8 mm die hole diameter produced the maximum pelleting capacity and pelleting efficiency, while energy consumption, pellet bulk density and pellet durability decreased significantly as die hole diameter increased from 6 to 10 mm. Increasing motor speed from 1000 to 1200 and 1400 rpm increased pelleting capacity, pelleting efficiency and energy consumption, but reduced pellet durability. Maximum bulk density was obtained at a motor speed of 1200 rpm. The combination of an 8 mm die hole diameter and 1400 rpm motor speed produced the highest pelleting capacity (42.45 kg/h) and pelleting efficiency (95.12 %). The lowest energy consumption (0.89 kW) was observed at the 10 mm die hole diameter and 1000 rpm motor speed. The highest pellet bulk density (456.60 kg/m³) was obtained at the 6 mm die hole diameter and 1200 rpm motor speed, while the highest durability (98.98 %) was recorded at the 6 mm die hole diameter and 1000 rpm motor speed. The findings indicate that die hole diameter and motor speed significantly affected machine performance and the quality of the pellets produced.

Exploration of Standard Heterosis in Single-Cross Inbred Line Combinations of Maize (Zea Mays L.)

G. Anusha — 2026-07-01

Standard heterosis is an important criterion for identifying maize hybrids with practical breeding and commercial value. The present investigation evaluated standard heterosis for grain yield and associated quantitative traits in newly developed single-cross maize hybrids. Thirty-six F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing 12 diverse inbred lines using a line × tester mating design during kharif 2021 at the Maize Research Centre, Rajendranagar. The hybrids, together with the commercial check Bio-9544, were evaluated during rabi 2021–22 across three agro-climatic zones of Telangana using a randomised complete block design with three replications. Data were recorded for days to 50% tasselling, days to 50% silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear girth, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, 100-seed weight and grain yield. Pooled analysis of variance indicated significant differences among genotypes, environments and genotype × environment interactions for all traits, demonstrating the presence of genetic variability and differential genotype performance across locations. All hybrids showed significant negative standard heterosis for days to 50% tasselling and days to 50% silking. For grain yield, four crosses, namely BML-11 × PFSR-129, BML-11 × PFSR-46, GP-35 × MGC-137 and PFSR-51 × MGC-137, recorded a yield advantage of 14.62–24.76% over Bio-9544. These hybrids also expressed favourable heterosis for key yield-contributing traits and may be considered promising genetic materials for further multi-environment evaluation.

Development and Standardization of a Scale to Measure Disseminative Behaviour of Grassroots Level Extension Personnel

Mohanraj, M. — 2026-07-01

The present study was undertaken to develop and standardise a reliable and valid scale for measuring the disseminative behaviour of grassroots-level extension personnel. Disseminative behaviour was conceptualised as a composite of extension activities and competencies related to the transfer of agricultural technologies and information to farmers. The scale was developed using Likert's (1932) summated rating technique. Initially, 123 statements were generated through a review of literature and expert consultation. After editing, 111 statements were subjected to relevancy analysis by experts from State Agricultural Universities and allied institutions. Based on Relevancy Percentage (≥85%) and Mean Relevancy Score (≥4.0), 77 statements were retained. Item analysis using the critical ratio ('t' value) was conducted with 32 respondents, resulting in the final selection of 49 statements distributed across nine dimensions. The scale demonstrated high reliability, with a split-half reliability coefficient of 0.84, and satisfactory validity (0.94). Administration of the scale among 60 grassroots-level extension personnel revealed that a considerable proportion of respondents belonged to the low disseminative behaviour category (38.33%), indicating scope for improving extension competencies. The developed scale provides a comprehensive and standardised tool for assessing disseminative behaviour and may be used for performance evaluation, research and designing need-based capacity-building programmes to strengthen agricultural extension services.

Optimization of Nutrient Solution Electrical Conductivity for Growth Response of Red Amaranths (Amaranthus cruentus) under Vertical Hydroponic System

R. Sudha Rani — 2026-07-01

The present study was conducted to optimise nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) to improve the growth and yield of red amaranths (Amaranthus cruentus) variety Arka Arunima under a vertical Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic system. The experiment was carried out in a naturally ventilated polyhouse at Dr. NTR College of Agricultural Engineering, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh. Four nutrient concentration treatments based on total dissolved solids (TDS), namely T1 (650 ppm), T2 (750 ppm), T3 (850 ppm) and T4 (950 ppm), were evaluated in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with three replications. Fifteen-day-old seedlings were transplanted into vertical A-frame NFT units using hydrotons as the growing medium. The pH of the nutrient solution was maintained between 6.0 and 6.5 throughout the crop period. Growth parameters, including plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, root length, stem diameter and yield, were recorded at 10, 20 and 30 days after transplantation (DAT) and analysed statistically using ANOVA. The results showed significant differences among treatments for most growth parameters at 20 and 30 DAT. Among the treatments, T2 (750 ppm) recorded the highest plant height (26.4 cm), number of leaves (24), root length (24.72 cm), stem diameter (6.14 mm) and yield (7.04 kg). The lowest yield (4.67 kg) was observed in T4 (950 ppm), indicating that higher nutrient concentrations adversely affected crop growth and productivity. Regression and optimisation analysis confirmed that a nutrient concentration of approximately 750 ppm (EC ≈ 1.5 dS/m) was optimal for achieving higher yield and efficient nutrient utilisation under NFT hydroponics.

Institutional and Socioeconomic Drivers of Commercial Tissue Culture Banana Adoption among Smallholders in Kenya

George Nyarigoti Mose — 2026-07-02

Tissue culture banana (TCB) technology has been promoted in Kenya to improve banana productivity, increase access to clean planting materials, and support smallholder commercialisation. However, commercial adoption remains constrained by interacting socioeconomic, institutional, and market-related factors. This study examined the determinants of commercial TCB adoption among smallholder farmers in Murang’a and Meru Counties, Kenya. A cross-sectional mixed-methods design was used, involving 210 randomly selected banana farmers drawn from county agricultural office registers and farmer group membership lists. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed through descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression, while qualitative insights were obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The results showed that 61.0% of sampled farmers had commercially adopted TCB technology, whereas 39.0% relied on conventional planting materials. Education level, farm size, access to credit, extension contact, farmer group membership, perceived economic benefits, and technical knowledge positively and significantly influenced adoption. Conversely, distance to markets and high establishment costs reduced the likelihood of adoption. The findings indicate that commercial adoption of TCB technology is shaped by farmer characteristics, institutional support, and market access conditions. Strengthening extension services, expanding affordable credit, supporting farmer organisations, improving market linkages, and enhancing access to certified planting materials and technical training may support wider adoption and banana commercialisation among smallholder farmers.

Evaluation of Spent Mushroom Substrate-based Compost on Growth and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Pratyush Ranjan Sahu — 2026-07-03

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS)-based compost offers a practical option for recycling agricultural waste while improving soil fertility. This field study evaluated the effect of SMS compost enriched with organic additives and micronutrients on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L., var. VNR 4226). The experiment was conducted during the 2025 Kharif season at GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, using a randomised complete block design with eight treatments and three replications. Treatments included farmyard manure, the recommended dose of fertiliser (RDF), SMS-based compost mixtures, neem cake and Zn- and B-enriched SMS compost combinations. Growth parameters were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing and at harvest, while yield and harvest index were recorded at maturity. Treatment T8 (SMS @ 7 t ha-1 + dried plant debris @ 2 t ha-1 + cow dung @ 1 t ha-1 + 5% Zn + B + RDF) recorded the highest plant height (217.47 cm), leaf area index (10.53), dry matter production (237.63 g plant-1), kernel yield (8.17 t ha-1), stalk yield (8.74 t ha-1) and harvest index (51.00%). Kernel yield under T8 was 359% higher than that of the FYM control. The results indicate that integrating SMS-based compost with Zn, B and RDF can improve maize growth and yield under the experimental conditions.

Synergistic Impact of Integrated Nutrient Matrices and Nano-Urea on Wheat Productivity and Pedological Resilience

Avinash Kumar Rai — 2026-07-04

Integrated nutrient matrices optimise wheat productivity and edaphic health while mitigating the ecological footprint of intensive fertilisation. Nano-fertilisers, specifically Nano-Urea, represent a frontier in agricultural engineering. By leveraging a high surface-to-volume ratio, nanoscale nutrients bypass traditional soil-bound loss pathways through direct foliar penetration and controlled metabolic release. The present study explores the synergistic impact of integrated nutrient matrices and Nano-Urea on wheat productivity and pedological resilience in a semi-arid/subtropical zone during the wet season. A field experiment was conducted during the 2024–25 Rabi season at KVK, Ghazipur, India using a randomised block design with three replications. The study evaluated nine nutrient management strategies in the wheat variety DBW-187 (Karan Vandana). Treatments integrated the Recommended Dose of Fertiliser (RDF: 150:60:40 kg ha⁻¹) with organic amendments (FYM @ 5 t ha⁻¹) and precision nanotechnology (Nano-Urea foliar sprays). Key physiological indices—Leaf Area Duration (LAD), Chlorophyll (SPAD), and protein biosynthesis—were monitored alongside post-harvest pedological properties and resource use efficiency metrics such as Partial Factor Productivity (PFP). Treatment T₄ (100% RDF + FYM) achieved the highest grain yield (6.20 t ha⁻¹) and maximum LAD (175.6 days), followed closely by T₆ (100% RDF + Nano-Urea). Nano-Urea application significantly elevated grain protein to 10.2% and physiological efficiency to 38.4 by bypassing traditional nitrogen loss pathways. Integrated regimes also ameliorated soil architecture, reducing bulk density to 1.42 g/cc and augmenting soil organic carbon to 0.52%. These synergies align nutrient flux with crop ontogenetic demand, maximising metabolic assimilation and environmental stewardship. Integrated management using FYM and Nano-Urea optimises wheat yields, protein quality, and soil resilience.

Growth Performance of Maize (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Foliar Application of Nano Urea under Field Conditions

Ayush Gartia — 2026-07-06

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2025 at Instructional Farm-1, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, to investigate the influence of foliar application of IFFCO nano urea on the pre-harvest growth parameters of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid 'Virat'. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design with eight treatments and three replications. Treatments comprised four levels of the recommended dose of nitrogen (0%, 33%, 66% and 100% RDN) supplied through conventional urea, each with and without foliar spray of nano urea @ 4 ml L⁻¹ at the peak vegetative stage (knee-high to pre-tasselling), against a recommended dose of 120:60:60 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha⁻¹. Growth parameters, including plant height, number of leaves per plant, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), relative leaf water content (RLWC), days to 50% tasselling, days to 50% silking and days to physiological maturity, were recorded at various stages. Differences among treatments were non-significant at 30 DAS for most parameters, indicating uniform initial crop establishment. Significant differences emerged from 60 DAS onwards. Treatment T₈ (100% RDN + nano urea @ 4 ml L⁻¹) recorded significantly higher plant height (198.73 cm), dry matter accumulation (260.41 g plant⁻¹), number of leaves (14.46 per plant) and CGR (17.05 g m⁻² day⁻¹ during 60–90 DAS) at harvest; these values were statistically at par with those of T₄ (100% RDN through urea alone). Phenological parameters, including days to tasselling (58), silking (61) and maturity (82), were also highest under T₈, indicating a prolonged vegetative phase. RLWC remained non-significant across all growth stages. The results indicate that combined application of the recommended nitrogen dose with nano urea foliar spray is an agronomically effective strategy for enhancing vegetative growth and biomass accumulation in kharif maize. This manuscript provides field-based evidence on the interactive effects of conventional urea and nano urea in maize under the agro-ecological conditions of southern Odisha. It contributes to the growing evidence on nanotechnology applications in agriculture by demonstrating potential improvements in nitrogen use efficiency and vegetative growth parameters. The findings offer practical insights for sustainable nutrient management, which may help reduce environmental impacts associated with excessive fertiliser use while maintaining or enhancing crop productivity. Furthermore, the detailed growth analysis, including CGR, RGR and phenological responses, provides data for modelling crop responses to nano-fertilisers in tropical environments.

Marketing Channels, Price Spread and Marketing Efficiency of Pineapple in Uttara Kannada District of Karnataka, India: An Empirical Analysis

R. Hanumanthappa — 2026-07-06

The study analyzed marketing channels, price spread and marketing efficiency of pineapple in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka during 2022-23. Primary data were collected from 130 respondents, comprising 100 farmers and 30 market intermediaries, from Sirsi and Siddapur taluks. A multi-stage purposive sampling procedure was used, and the analysis employed price spread, Shepherd’s marketing efficiency index, Acharya-Agarwal’s method and producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee (PSCR). Three channels were identified: Channel-I (Farmer-Retailer-Consumer), Channel-II (Farmer-Processing Unit-Retailer-Consumer) and Channel-III (Farmer-Commission Agent/Wholesaler-Processing Unit-Retailer-Consumer). Channel-I recorded the highest PSCR (69.12%), the lowest price spread (Rs. 9,584/tonne) and the highest marketing efficiency indices (Shepherd’s: 3.24; Acharya-Agarwal: 2.54), indicating the relative advantage of shorter marketing chains. Channel-II provided the highest gross price to farmers (Rs. 25,400/tonne) but had moderate efficiency, with a PSCR of 57.64 per cent. Channel-III was the least efficient, with the lowest PSCR (51.72%) and the widest price spread (Rs. 19,558/tonne), reflecting the cost of multiple intermediaries. The findings suggest that shorter channels can improve producer returns and consumer affordability, although bulk disposal requirements and perishability continue to limit their wider use. Strengthening farmer producer organisations, improving direct marketing linkages and expanding cold-chain and transport infrastructure may support more efficient pineapple marketing in the study area.

Assessing Awareness, Perception and Adoption Intentions towards Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Technologies among Agricultural University Students in Gujarat, India

Prajapati Piyush — 2026-07-06

The increasing integration of emerging digital technologies in agriculture has accelerated the transition towards Agriculture 4.0 and created new opportunities for improving productivity, decision-making, supply chain transparency, and sustainability. This study assessed awareness, knowledge, perceptions, adoption intentions, and constraints related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain technologies among students of the five State Agricultural Universities of Gujarat. A descriptive and analytical research design was adopted, and primary data were collected from 251 agricultural university students using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, mean score analysis, reliability analysis, chi-square tests, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that awareness of AI (88.8%) was substantially higher than awareness of Blockchain technology (39.0%). Internet websites, social media, and classroom lectures were the major sources of information. Students showed moderate knowledge of AI applications in agriculture, whereas considerable knowledge gaps were observed for Blockchain applications. The Technology Acceptance Model results indicated that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly influenced students’ adoption intentions. The regression model explained 68.6% of the variation in adoption intention (R² = 0.686). Lack of training, inadequate knowledge, high costs, and limited practical exposure were identified as major constraints. The study concludes that agricultural students show positive attitudes towards AI and Blockchain technologies, but practical exposure, structured training, and institutional support are necessary to strengthen digital agriculture competencies.

Performance of Broccoli under Conventional Soil, Soilless Media and Hydroponic Cultivation: A Comparative Study on Yield Parameters

Ch. Shanmukhi — 2026-07-06

Broccoli is a nutritionally important cool-season vegetable whose growth and yield may vary under different cultivation systems. This study evaluated the performance of broccoli under conventional soil, soilless media and hydroponic cultivation with respect to selected yield parameters. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Malla Reddy University, Hyderabad, during 2024–2025. Six treatments were compared: tower model hydroponics, nutrient film technique hydroponics, sand, growing media, farmyard manure and soil. The trial was laid out in a randomised block design with four replications. The cultivation system influenced days to head initiation, days to head maturity and yield-related traits. Nutrient film technique hydroponics produced the earliest head initiation (42.75 days), followed by tower model hydroponics (46.75 days), whereas soil required the longest duration (55.46 days). A similar pattern was recorded for head maturity; nutrient film technique hydroponics matured earliest (66.75 days), while soil matured latest (88.00 days). Growing media recorded the highest head weight, head diameter, stalk length and stalk diameter, with values of 543.00 g, 13.49 cm, 6.96 cm and 5.60 cm, respectively. Sand recorded the lowest values for these traits, with 275.25 g, 10.65 cm, 5.16 cm and 4.50 cm, respectively. The findings indicate that nutrient film technique hydroponics promoted earlier crop development, whereas growing media supported superior yield attributes under the conditions of this study.

Improving Fruit Production and Recording Profitability Assessments in Kiwifruit cv. Allison Using Different Horticultural Techniques and Growth Regulators

Kehar Raj — 2026-07-06

The present investigation was conducted at the Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, to evaluate the economic feasibility of selected horticultural practices and plant growth regulators in kiwifruit cv. Allison. Fifteen treatments, including girdling, summer pruning, fruit thinning, CPPU, homobrassinolide, benzyl adenine, GA₃ and their combinations, were evaluated in a randomised complete block design with three replications. The economic analysis considered basic annual cost, treatment cost, total cost, gross return, net return and benefit-cost ratio per hectare. The treatments differed in profitability mainly through their influence on the proportion of A-, B- and C-grade fruits and the associated market returns. Among all treatments, CPPU @ 5 ppm + homobrassinolide @ 0.15 ppm recorded the highest gross return (₹2,885,770.24 ha⁻¹), net return (₹2,768,415.844 ha⁻¹) and benefit-cost ratio (23.59). This treatment also produced the highest A-grade yield percentage (70.11%) and provided a 1.80-fold increase in net return over the control. HBL @ 1 ppm and CPPU @ 10 ppm also generated comparatively high returns, but their benefit-cost ratios were lower than that of CPPU @ 5 ppm + HBL @ 0.15 ppm. The findings indicate that this combined PGR treatment was the most economically viable option for improving profitability in kiwifruit cv. Allison under the tested temperate conditions.

Weed Dynamics According to Soil Nutrient Content in Rice Cultivation in Burkina Faso

Sere Issiaka — 2026-07-07

Background: Weed communities can respond differently to soil nutrient availability and rice cultivation ecology, yet this relationship remains insufficiently described for rice systems in Burkina Faso.

Aim: This study assessed weed dynamics according to fertiliser treatment and rice cultivation type to support sustainable weed management.

Method: A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with three rice cultivation types: irrigated, lowland and rainfed rice, and five fertilisation treatments: NPK, urea, DAP, potassium fertiliser and no fertiliser. Weed abundance, biomass, chlorophyll content, flowering rate, species composition, diversity indices and phytosociological groupings were evaluated up to 60 days after infestation.

Results: Weed abundance varied significantly with rice ecology, fertiliser treatment and their interaction. The highest weed populations at 15 and 45 days after infestation occurred in unfertilised lowland rice, whereas the highest populations at 30 and 60 days were recorded in lowland rice fertilised with urea. Fresh biomass was highest in lowland rice with NPK, while dry biomass was highest in rainfed rice with DAP. Dicotyledons and therophytes were the dominant groups, representing 69.70% and 75.76%, respectively. Cyperaceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae were the main families. Indicator and frequent species included Coldenia procumbens, Cyperus difformis, Ludwigia erecta, Cyperus rotundus, Ludwigia palustris, Scoparia dulcis and Grona trifolia.

Conclusion: Rice cultivation ecology and fertiliser type influenced weed emergence, growth and community composition. Nutrient management should therefore be considered when developing integrated weed management strategies for rice cultivation in Burkina Faso.

A Phenology-Informed Fuzzy Neural Network Model for Accurate Forecasting of Yellow Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) Population Dynamics in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the North Coastal Zone of Andhra Pradesh, India

Annepu Jhansi — 2026-07-07

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple crop supporting food security in India, but productivity is constrained by insect pests, including the yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas). Accurate forecasting of pest population dynamics is important for effective pest management. Previous studies have mainly used weather-based statistical and machine-learning approaches; however, crop phenological stages and previous-week pest incidence may also influence current pest status. These factors were therefore incorporated in the present study.

Weekly light-trap observations of yellow stem borer (YSB) during the Kharif seasons from 2011 to 2023 at the Agricultural Research Station, Ragolu, Andhra Pradesh, were used. Integer-valued Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic models with exogenous variables (INGARCHX), Artificial Neural Network models with exogenous variables (ANNX), Support Vector Regression models with exogenous variables (SVRX), Extreme Learning Machine models with exogenous variables (ELMX) and Fuzzy Neural Network models with exogenous variables (FNNX) were developed and evaluated.

Among the evaluated models, the FNN model incorporating crop phenological stages produced the lowest training error, with an MSE of 35.038 and an RMSE of 5.919. The results indicate that crop phenology influenced YSB dynamics. The milk-to-maturity stage recorded the highest single pest incidence (80) and the highest mean infestation (19.2), indicating peak pest pressure. The FNN model was effective for forecasting YSB population dynamics and may support timely pest management decisions under the study conditions.

Effect of Sucrose and Salicylic Acid on Extension of Vase Life of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) cv. White Prosperity

Vishnu Suman — 2026-07-07

The present investigation, entitled "Effect of Sucrose and Salicylic Acid on Extension of Vase Life of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) cv. White Prosperity", was conducted to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of sucrose and salicylic acid on the postharvest quality and vase life of gladiolus spikes. The experiment included 20 treatments comprising sucrose at 5, 10, 15 and 20%, salicylic acid at 50, 100 and 150 ppm, their selected combinations, and an untreated control. The results showed significant variation among treatments for all postharvest quality parameters. Among the treatments, T₁₃ (sucrose 10% + salicylic acid 150 ppm) was the most effective, recording the highest fresh weight (65.1 g), floret diameter (8.8 cm), floret length (9.5 cm), percentage change in spike length (4.2%), vase solution uptake (172.0 g), longevity of the first five florets (7.8 days), number of opened florets per spike (10.6), percentage of opened florets (94.0%) and vase life (13.4 days). In contrast, the untreated control recorded the lowest values for most parameters, with a vase life of 6.2 days. The improved postharvest performance under combined sucrose and salicylic acid treatments may be associated with better carbohydrate availability, increased water uptake, maintenance of cellular turgidity, delayed senescence, reduced ethylene production and enhanced antioxidant activity. The study concluded that pulsing gladiolus spikes with 10% sucrose and 150 ppm salicylic acid may be an effective postharvest treatment for improving flower quality and extending vase life in cv. White Prosperity.

A Study of Production Economics and Profitability of Fish Farming in Kalahandi District, Odisha, India

Bharadwaj Bag — 2026-07-07

Aquaculture has emerged as an important livelihood and food-security activity in Kalahandi district, Odisha, where drought-prone agriculture and limited rural income opportunities have encouraged diversification towards pond-based fish farming. This study analysed the cost structure, profitability and constraints associated with fish farming in the district. A total of 125 fish farmers were selected from Bhawanipatna, Narla and Dharamgarh blocks through stratified random sampling, and data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured and pre-tested schedule. The analysis used descriptive statistics, frequencies, percentages and the Cost-Benefit Ratio (CBR) to assess the economic viability of aquaculture. The findings show that fish farming in the study area is largely practised by young and relatively inexperienced farmers, with semi-intensive culture being the dominant production system. Most respondents operated small ponds, and many depended on seasonal or revenue ponds. The average CBR of 1.62 indicates that aquaculture was financially remunerative under the observed conditions. However, high feed costs, limited access to quality seed, insufficient technical knowledge, inadequate extension support, credit constraints, weak infrastructure and market-related challenges restricted productivity and profitability. The study suggests that strengthening hatchery development, improving input availability, expanding farmer training, simplifying credit access and enhancing market linkages may support more sustainable and profitable aquaculture in Kalahandi district.

Integrated Weed Management for Enhancing Growth, Yield and Quality of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in the Gird Region of Madhya Pradesh, India

Vishal More — 2026-07-08

Weed infestation is one of the major constraints limiting sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) productivity, especially during the early stages of crop growth. A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2025 at the Crop Research Centre (CRC-1), ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, to study the effect of integrated weed management practices on the growth, physiological indices, yield and quality of sesame in the Gird region. The experiment was conducted in a randomised block design with ten treatments and three replications. The treatments comprised T₁ - mulching (rice straw), T₂ - mulching + one hand weeding at 40 DAS, T₃ - pendimethalin @ 750 g ha^-1 PE, T₄ - pendimethalin @ 750 g ha^-1 PE + one hand weeding at 40 DAS, T₅ - quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g ha^-1 PoE, T₆ - pendimethalin @ 750 g ha^-1 PE fb quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g ha^-1 PoE, T₇ - fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 100 g ha^-1 PoE, T₈ - pendimethalin @ 750 g ha^-1 PE fb fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 100 g ha^-1 PoE, T₉ - weed-free and T₁₀ - weedy check. The results revealed that T₉ recorded the highest plant height (113.72 cm), lateral branches plant^-1 (7.88), dry matter accumulation (350.53 g m^-2), seed yield (900 kg ha^-1) and stover yield (2928 kg ha^-1). Among the practical weed management treatments, T₄ performed better and recorded a plant height of 108.11 cm, 7.58 lateral branches plant^-1, dry matter accumulation of 336.06 g m^-2, seed yield of 850 kg ha^-1 and weed control efficiency of 82.85%, resulting in an 84.78% increase in seed yield over T₁₀. Pendimethalin @ 750 g ha^-1 PE + one hand weeding at 40 DAS is an effective and sustainable integrated weed management strategy for enhancing sesame productivity in the Gird region of Madhya Pradesh.

Machine Learning Techniques for Classification and Prediction of Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) Incidence Using Weather Variables at Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, India

B. V. R. Ch. Ravi Kumar — 2026-07-08

Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, is an important insect pest of cotton that affects yield and fibre quality. The present study evaluated machine learning techniques for classifying and predicting pink bollworm incidence using weather variables at Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Secondary data on pink bollworm incidence and weekly meteorological variables were collected from the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, for the period 2008–2024. The dataset included 393 observations and five weather variables: maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, morning relative humidity, and evening relative humidity. Pink bollworm incidence was categorised into low, medium, and high classes based on observed incidence levels. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and four classification models, namely multinomial logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and artificial neural network, were used for analysis. The descriptive results showed high variability in pink bollworm incidence, with a mean value of 9.81 and a coefficient of variation of 197.27%. Correlation analysis indicated that morning relative humidity had a significant positive association with pink bollworm incidence, whereas maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and rainfall showed significant negative associations. Among the evaluated models, Random Forest performed best, with training accuracy of 90.56%, testing accuracy of 85.78%, overall accuracy of 86.35%, Kappa value of 0.807, and AUC of 0.814. Decision Tree, Artificial Neural Network, and Multinomial Logistic Regression showed comparatively lower predictive performance. The results indicate that Random Forest can be a useful model for weather-based classification of pink bollworm incidence under the conditions of the present study.

Identification of Early-Maturing and Climate-Resilient Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Genotypes for Rainfed Bastar Plateau Conditions of Chhattisgarh, India

Prafull Kumar — 2026-07-08

Rainfed agriculture in India is increasingly affected by erratic rainfall, shortened growing seasons and recurring moisture stress associated with climate variability. Identification of short-duration, stress-adapted crop genotypes is therefore important for improving production stability in vulnerable agro-ecologies. The present study evaluated sixteen proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) genotypes, including advanced breeding lines and standard checks, under rainfed conditions during Kharif 2025 at Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, in the Bastar Plateau agro-ecological region. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design with three replications to assess variation in phenological, morphological and yield-related traits. Clear genotypic differences were observed for flowering time, maturity duration, plant height, tillering ability, panicle length, grain yield and fodder yield, indicating useful variability for adaptation and crop improvement. Days to 50% flowering ranged from 37 to 43 days, while maturity duration varied from 70 to 79 days. SHPM-1 was the earliest flowering and earliest maturing genotype, requiring 37 and 70 days, respectively, and recorded the highest grain yield (1375.9 kg ha⁻¹) and fodder yield (4711.1 kg ha⁻¹). SHPM-2 and RPCAU-PRM-5 also showed favourable combinations of relatively early maturity and above-average productivity. The findings indicate that reduced crop duration did not adversely affect yield performance under the prevailing rainfed conditions. SHPM-1, SHPM-2 and RPCAU-PRM-5 appear promising for further evaluation, cultivation and use as parental material in breeding programmes for rainfed and climate-vulnerable environments.

Determinants of ICT Use in Dairy Farming: An Assessment Based on Socioeconomic Factors

Jaya Verma — 2026-07-08

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools have emerged as important resources for modernising agriculture and allied sectors. In dairy farming, ICT tools support several functions, including access to market information, real-time weather updates and farmer-specific advisory services. This study aimed to assess the use of ICT tools in dairy farming in Hamirpur district of Uttar Pradesh and to examine the association between ICT use and the socioeconomic characteristics of dairy farmers. The study adopted an ex post facto research design. A total of 120 dairy farmers were randomly selected from 12 villages in Hamirpur district, and data were collected using an interview schedule. The results showed that most respondents (44.17%) had a medium level of ICT-tool use, followed by low (40.00%) and high (15.83%) levels. Most farmers were middle-aged, moderately educated, had small or medium landholdings and belonged to the medium-income group. ICT use was mainly associated with television, mobile phones, YouTube, SMS and WhatsApp, whereas advanced tools such as computers, Android applications and Kisan call centres were used less frequently. Chi-square analysis showed significant associations between ICT use and age, education, annual income, landholding, dairy experience, social participation, herd size, training and risk orientation. No significant association was observed for family size or mass media exposure. The findings indicate the need to strengthen digital literacy, improve attitudes towards ICT-based advisory services and increase access to user-friendly applications for decision-making in dairy farming.

Evaluation of Polyembryonic, Pickle and Indigenous Mango Genotypes for use as True-To-Type Rootstocks

Rachapally Prashanth — 2026-07-08

The present study was conducted during 2024–25 at Fruit Research Station, Sangareddy, Telangana, to evaluate twenty-six mango genotypes for nursery-stage traits relevant to their potential use as true-to-type rootstocks. The genotypes were assessed for days to germination, germination percentage, number of seedlings per stone, seedling height, stem girth and root length. Marked variability was observed among the genotypes for all recorded traits. Khas-ul-khas recorded the earliest germination (18.0 days), while Gangapur Selection 2 recorded the highest germination percentage (80.0%). Turpentine produced the maximum number of seedlings per stone (7.0), indicating strong polyembryonic expression under the study conditions. At 90 days after sowing, Mallika recorded the greatest seedling height (48.0 cm), Amini produced the highest stem girth (6.7 mm), and Vattem recorded the longest root length (37.35 cm). Genotypes such as Turpentine and Olour showed useful polyembryonic expression, while Gangapur Selection 2, Mallika, Amini and Vattem expressed favourable individual traits associated with germination, shootrowth, stem development and root growth. The observed variation indicates that the evaluated material may be useful for further rootstock selection and breeding studies. However, the results represent nursery-stage performance only, and further evaluation of seedling uniformity, graft compatibility, field establishment, vigour control and long-term orchard performance is required before commercial rootstock recommendation.

An Estimation of the Marketing Efficiency of Existing Marketing Channel for Members and Non - Members of FPO Sample Farms of Groundnut in Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu, India

M. Vignesh — 2026-07-08

Aims: This study estimated and compared the marketing performance, market concentration and marketing efficiency of existing groundnut marketing channels for Farmer Producer Organisation (FPO) members and non-members in Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Study Design: A multistage stratified random sampling procedure was adopted. Tamil Nadu formed the first stage, followed by districts as the second stage. Villages within the selected blocks were then identified, and groundnut growers in the selected villages were sampled as the fourth and final stage.

Methodology: Market performance refers to the impact of market structure and conduct, as measured through variables such as prices, costs and output volume. The major indicators of market performance are net returns, marketing margins, marketing costs, the producer's share, value addition and marketing-channel efficiency. By analysing marketing margins and their cost components, the effects of market structure and conduct on market performance can be assessed. In this study, the profit margins of value-chain actors, marketing costs incurred by them, price spread, producer's share in the consumer's rupee and marketing efficiency were worked out to measure market performance.

Results: The results revealed that FPO membership improved marketing outcomes for groundnut farmers. Among FPO members, the net price received by farmers ranged from Rs. 66.25/kg to Rs. 78.22/kg, with the highest price realised through Channel IV (Farmer-FPO Agent-Processor-Exporter). The producer's share in the consumer's rupee was also comparatively higher in most FPO channels. However, overall marketing efficiency among non-members was lower than that of FPO members because of greater dependence on village traders, wholesalers and other intermediaries. The price spread and marketing costs were generally higher in non-member channels, thereby reducing the producer's share in the final consumer price.

Conclusion: Strengthening FPOs, promoting direct market linkages, expanding processing infrastructure and encouraging value addition can contribute to improving the income and livelihood security of groundnut farmers while supporting a more efficient and sustainable agricultural marketing system in Tamil Nadu.

Digitalization of Management of Cocoa Bean Fermentation Process to Guarantee Beans Quality

Aka Stéphane Koffi — 2026-07-09

Cocoa bean fermentation is a critical post-harvest operation that influences bean quality and suitability for chocolate processing. This study examined the digitalisation of cocoa bean fermentation management using an instrumented cylindrical fermenter designed to support monitoring and controlled turning. Ripe cocoa pods obtained from Côte d’Ivoire were fermented in cylindrical fermenters made of plastic and wood. Fermentation behaviour was assessed through temperature monitoring, microbial population analysis and pH measurement of bean components. Temperature probes inserted at different heights in the fermenting mass recorded thermal evolution, while yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, Bacillus and moulds were enumerated using dilution and culture methods. The pH of whole beans, kernels and pulp-shell fractions was also monitored. The cylindrical fermenter retained fermentation heat and showed relatively small temperature differences between turning operations. Internal temperatures increased during fermentation and reached values consistent with active fermentation. Microbial succession followed the expected trend, with yeasts and lactic acid bacteria appearing early, followed by acetic acid bacteria and Bacillus during later stages. The study also presents an electronic control approach using a microcontroller, relays, a motorised turning mechanism, temperature sensors and a mobile application interface for remote observation and turning control. The results indicate that temperature is a suitable physical parameter for digital monitoring of cocoa fermentation. The cylindrical fermenter and dynamic turning method produced at least 80% brown beans. The proposed system may reduce manual workload and support more consistent process management, although further field validation remains necessary.

Evaluation of Harvesting Tools for Enhancing Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) Yield and Reducing Tuber Losses in Côte d'Ivoire

Sialou Florence Gbayoro — 2026-07-09

Absence or insufficiency of production tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) production is more of the time lack of suitable harvesting tools available for farmers in Côte d'Ivoire. In order to solve this constraint, field investigations have been understood at university experimental site (district of Daloa: Tagoura). The experimental design consisted of three randomized blocks. The treatment in this structure involved two factors mainly variety and harvesting tools. Harvest of the both tiger nut varieties (variety with large tubers and variety with small tubers) have been done with several tools: hand harvesting, a hoe (Control=Hoe), a small two-pronged fork, and a large three-pronged fork. About eight parameters have been collected during the crop tubers harvesting and that includes Number of tubers on the stem; Mass of tubers on the stem, Yield of tubers on stem from plot, Number of tubers remaining in the soil, Mass of tubers remaining in the soil, Yield of tubers remaining in the soil, Number of tubers sprouted after harvest, Yield of tubers sprouted after harvest. The data have been analyzed by using two-ways analysis of variance and the Newman-Keuls test to determine the best harvesting tool. The results showed that the three-pronged fork is the most effective tool to reduce tuber loss of the large tuber variety from the soil. Indeed; this tool allowed to get a yield of 1267.92 ±1585.31 kg/ha with only 4.13±2.89 kg/ha retention in the ground. Therefore, Ivorian women farmers are advised to adopt this variety and use the three-pronged fork to improve the productivity of tiger nuts.

Development of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Advisory System for Okra Disease and Pest Management

Y. R. Ghodasara — 2026-07-10

A disease and pest advisory system provides farmers with timely, scientific and location-specific support for identifying crop health problems and selecting suitable management actions. This study developed an artificial intelligence-based advisory system for okra diseases and pests using field-acquired images and farmer-oriented recommendation delivery. An image dataset representing three major okra disease categories, namely Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus, Enation Leaf Curl Virus and Powdery Mildew, was prepared from images collected at the MVRS field of Anand Agricultural University. A vernacular-language recommendation database was created using AGRESCO recommendations of Anand Agricultural University to support farmer-friendly advisory output. A graphical user interface was designed to allow farmers to upload disease images, receive automated disease classification and access corresponding management recommendations. Six convolutional neural network architectures, namely ResNet101V2, InceptionV3, VGG19, Xception, DenseNet201 and MobileNetV3, were evaluated using transfer learning. Data augmentation techniques, including reflection, scaling, rotation and translation, were applied to reduce overfitting and improve model generalisation. Among the tested models, ResNet101V2 achieved the highest classification accuracy of 99.45%, followed by DenseNet201 and Xception, each with 98.63% accuracy. The system also incorporated web-based advisory output in a vernacular language and audio support. The findings indicate that CNN-based classification integrated with advisory delivery can support timely decision-making for okra disease management, although broader field validation is required before operational deployment.

Economic Analysis of Saffron Marketing Channels in District Pulwama of Jammu and Kashmir

Sadaf Hussain — 2026-07-10

Saffron is one of the most valuable spice crops of Kashmir, and its marketing system plays a crucial role in determining farmers' income. This study examined the saffron marketing system in Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir with reference to existing marketing channels, growers’ preferences, price spread, producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee and marketing efficiency. The study was based on primary data collected from 150 saffron growers selected through stratified random sampling from five major saffron-growing villages: Pampore town, Chandhara, Khrew, Lethpora and Sharshali. Growers were classified into three landholding categories: below 4 kanals, 4–7 kanals and above 7 kanals. Five marketing channels were identified, namely Producer–Consumer, Producer–Commission agent–Retailer–Consumer, Producer–Retailer–Consumer, Producer–Commission agent–Firm–Retailer–Consumer and Producer–Spice Park (e-auction)–Consumer. Channel IV was the most preferred channel, accounting for 52.00 per cent of total saffron disposal, followed by Channel II (19.33 per cent) and Channel III (14.67 per cent). The direct Producer–Consumer channel recorded the highest producer’s share and marketing efficiency for both Laccha and Mongra saffron. The Spice Park e-auction channel also showed comparatively better marketing outcomes than several conventional intermediary-based channels. Overall, the results highlight clear differences in channel performance across marketing arrangements. The findings indicate that improving access to direct marketing, e-auction facilities, market information and producer-level capacity building may support better returns for saffron growers while retaining the existing structure of the saffron marketing system.

Impact of Solid-State Fermentation on Nutrient Profile, in vitro Gas Production Dynamics, and Methane/Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Selected Tropical Forages

Kenneth Gyimah Owusu — 2026-07-10

Aims: This study investigated the effects of solid-state fermentation (SSF) on the nutritional composition, phytochemical profile, in vitro gas production, fermentation kinetics, and CH₄/CO₂ emissions of three tropical forages, addressing the need to improve forage quality and reduce enteric methane emissions in tropical ruminant production systems.

Place and Duration of Study: Forages were sourced from the paddocks of the Department of Animal Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Brachiaria mulato II, Megathyrsus maximus, and Cenchrus purpureus, harvested after 120 days of regrowth, were fermented for 30 days with Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma spp. under aerobic conditions.

Study Design: A 3 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design was used, with treatments replicated three times and analysed for proximate, fibre, phytochemical, and in vitro gas production parameters.

Results: SSF significantly (P = .05) enriched crude protein, with TS_CP recording the highest value (12.26%). Neutral detergent fibre was reduced most in AN_CP (53.20%). Anti-nutritional factors, including tannins (80.70–97.47 mg/100 g), saponins (35.44–56.12 mg/100 g), oxalates (8.96–17.30 mg/100 g), and alkaloids (8.45–14.18 mg/100 g), were reduced, whereas flavonoids and phenols increased. TS_CP produced the highest gas volume (11.75 mL/200 mg DM) and the fastest fermentation rate (c = 0.045 h⁻¹), yet it also generated the greatest CH₄ (3.50 mL/200 mg DM) and CO₂ (5.00 mL/200 mg DM) emissions.

Conclusion: Fungal SSF substantially improved tropical forage nutritional quality and digestibility; however, the trade-off between superior fermentation performance and elevated greenhouse gas emissions underscores the importance of deliberate forage-fungus combination selection for sustainable livestock production.

Technological Gaps in Recommended Mustard Production Technology among the Farmers of Baramulla District in Kashmir Valley

Shabana Bano — 2026-07-10

The study was conducted during 2022-23 in Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir to assess the knowledge level and technological gaps among brown sarson growers and to identify the socio-economic factors influencing these gaps. A total of 151 registered brown sarson growers were selected from ten villages in five sub-agricultural zones of Pattan using proportionate allocation sampling. Data were collected through a structured interview schedule and analysed using descriptive statistics and Spearman’s rank correlation. The findings revealed that 52.32 per cent of the respondents possessed a medium level of knowledge regarding recommended brown sarson production practices, whereas 24.50 per cent and 23.18 per cent had high and low knowledge levels, respectively. The study further indicated substantial technological gaps in nutrient management, irrigation management, plant protection measures and post-harvest practices. Overall, 56.29 per cent of the respondents exhibited high technological gaps, followed by 25.83 per cent with medium gaps and 17.88 per cent with low gaps. Correlation analysis showed that education, total landholding, occupation, total income, income from mustard cultivation and economic motivation were negatively and significantly associated with technological gaps, while area under mustard cultivation exhibited a positive and significant relationship. The study concluded that strengthening extension services, improving farmers’ economic status and enhancing access to technical information are essential for reducing technological gaps and improving the productivity of brown sarson in Kashmir Valley.

Synergistic Bio-stimulant Efficacy of a Co-cultured Methylobacterium Consortium on the Vegetative Growth of Cicer arietinum under Complete Macronutrient Deprivation

Kshitij Patel — 2026-07-10

This study evaluated the biostimulant efficacy of a co-cultured Methylobacterium symbioticum and Methylobacterium extorquens consortium on the vegetative growth and biomass yield of Cicer arietinum under complete macronutrient (NPK) deprivation. In vitro microbial functional characterisation was followed by a controlled in vivo greenhouse pot trial using a randomised block design at Arihant Bioscience (India) Pvt. Ltd. between March 2026 and June 2026. Native methylotrophic strains were isolated on selective Ammonium Mineral Salts agar supplemented with 0.5% methanol. The isolates were assessed for phosphorus solubilisation, potassium mobilisation and nitrogen-fixation potential, and phenotypic compatibility was examined using a cross-streak assay. Cicer arietinum seeds were inoculated with the standardised consortium (10⁸ CFU/mL) and sown in a fractionally sterilised NPK-free sand-perlite matrix irrigated only with a macronutrient-deficient Hoagland solution. In vitro assays indicated preliminary diazotrophic potential in M. symbioticum, while M. extorquens showed tricalcium phosphate solubilisation and potassium mobilisation. The cross-streak assay showed a 0 mm inhibition zone, indicating phenotypic compatibility. In the pot trial, uninoculated plants exhibited severe stunting under macronutrient starvation, whereas consortium-treated plants showed higher shoot length, root length and total dry biomass than the uninoculated control. These findings suggest that the compatible methylotrophic consortium may support early vegetative growth of C. arietinum under controlled nutrient-deprived conditions, although field validation and molecular confirmation are required.

Socio-Psychological Attributes of Rural Youth Trained under the STRY Programme by KVK-Kupwara in Kashmir Valley

Mehvish Bashir — 2026-07-11

Skill development interventions are intended to strengthen the capacity of rural youth to apply knowledge and skills in income-generating activities. The present study assessed the socio-psychological attributes of rural youth trained under the Skill Training for Rural Youth (STRY) programme by KVK-Kupwara in the Kashmir Valley. The study focused on three selected enterprises: beekeeping, mushroom production and vermicomposting. A total of 108 trained beneficiaries were selected, comprising 65 unit holders and 43 non-unit holders. The unit holders included 30 beekeepers, 20 mushroom producers and 15 vermicompost producers, while the non-unit holders included 15 beekeeping trainees, 14 mushroom production trainees and 14 vermicomposting trainees. Data were collected through a well-structured interview schedule and analysed using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The socio-psychological attributes considered were achievement motivation, learning motivation and motivation to transfer learning. The findings indicated that most unit holders across all three enterprises had high achievement motivation. Learning motivation was generally more favourable among unit holders than non-unit holders, although the level varied by enterprise. Motivation to transfer learning was mostly medium among unit holders, whereas non-unit holders generally showed lower levels. The results suggest that socio-psychological attributes are relevant in understanding why some trained rural youth establish income-generating units after training while others do not.

Evaluation of Agro-Morphological Traits and Yield Performance of the Rice Variety Kudrat 5 under Field Conditions in Uttarakhand, India

Navneet Kumar — 2026-07-11

Introduction: This study evaluated the performance and adaptability of the farmer-developed rice variety 'Kudrat 5' under the agro-climatic conditions of Uttarakhand, India, by comparing it with three indigenous traditional landraces (Tilakchandan, Hansraj and Dhania) to identify high-yielding alternatives for regional agricultural productivity.

Methodology: Farmers' Participatory On-Farm Trials (POFTs) were conducted across six locations in Udham Singh Nagar district during the 2018 and 2019 Kharif seasons under standard agronomic management. Morpho-agronomic traits, yield attributes and grain-quality parameters were recorded, and the data were analysed using a Randomised Block Design (RBD).

Results: 'Kudrat 5' outperformed the check varieties across major growth and yield traits. It exhibited a plant height of 134.57 cm, the highest number of nodes per plant (4.53), the maximum leaf width (1.86 cm) and a shorter maturity period (138.33 days). Yield-attributing traits were superior, with longer panicles (28.25 cm), a higher number of primary branches per panicle (16.27) and the maximum number of grains per panicle (258.37). Consequently, 'Kudrat 5' recorded the highest thousand-grain weight (27.17 g) and a higher grain yield (55.83 q/ha) than the check varieties. It also demonstrated desirable grain-quality traits, with the longest paddy length (9.42 mm) and cooked kernel length (10.25 mm), indicating suitability for extra-long slender grain markets.

Conclusion: The rice variety 'Kudrat 5' demonstrated early maturity, high yield potential and desirable grain quality. Its performance and adaptability under regional field conditions indicate that it may be a viable alternative for rice growers in Uttarakhand.

Understanding Farmers’ Attitudes towards Crop Residue Management Practices in Rajasthan, India

R Amulya — 2026-07-13

Crop residue management (CRM) is an important component of sustainable agriculture due to its role in improving soil health, conserving natural resources, and reducing environmental pollution. The present study assessed farmers' attitudes towards crop residue management practices in the Hyper Arid Partially Irrigated Western Plain Zone (Zone IC) of Rajasthan. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 320 farmers from 16 villages in Bikaner and Churu districts. Primary data were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule, and farmers' attitudes were measured through a standardised 20-statement Likert-type attitude scale with high reliability (0.91). The findings revealed that 69.1 per cent of the respondents had a favourable attitude towards crop residue management practices, while 8.7 per cent exhibited a highly favourable attitude. Farmers strongly agreed that crop residue burning is harmful to human health and the environment and recognised crop residues as valuable resources with economic and environmental benefits. Despite these positive perceptions, inadequate access to residue management machinery, limited extension support, poor awareness of government schemes, and additional time and resource requirements constrained adoption. The study concludes that improving extension services, enhancing access to machinery, and strengthening institutional support are essential to promote wider adoption of sustainable crop residue management practices and climate-resilient agriculture.

Comparative Study on Cost of Cultivation and Economic Returns of Major Intercropping Models in Ananthapuramu District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Meesala Gayathri — 2026-07-13

Intercropping is an important crop production strategy under rainfed conditions, where farmers face risks associated with climate variability, limited resources and fluctuating market returns. The present study assessed the cost of cultivation and economic returns of major intercropping models in Ananthapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh during the kharif season of the agricultural year 2025-26. Primary data were collected from 120 farmers selected through a multistage random sampling procedure from four mandals and eight villages. The intercropping models examined were “Groundnut + Redgram, Redgram + Foxtail millet, Redgram + Bajra and Cotton + Redgram”. Cost of cultivation was estimated on a per hectare basis using standard farm management cost concepts. Among the selected models, Groundnut + Redgram recorded the highest total cost of cultivation at Rs.1,20,996.59/ha, followed by Cotton + Redgram at Rs.1,05,307.13/ha, Redgram + Bajra at Rs.76,663.24/ha and Redgram + Foxtail millet at Rs.71,746.60/ha. + Redgram generated the highest gross returns of Rs.2,06,097.50/ha and net returns of Rs.85,100.91/ha. Redgram + Foxtail millet generated gross returns of Rs.1,02,375.00/ha and net returns of Rs.30,628.40/ha. While Cotton + Redgram recorded gross returns of Rs.1,27,562.50/ha and net returns of Rs.22,255.37/ha and Redgram + Bajra recorded gross returns of Rs.96,112.50/ha and net returns of Rs.19,449.25/ha, respectively. The benefit-cost ratio (B-C ratio) was highest in Groundnut + Redgram (1.70), followed by Redgram + Foxtail millet (1.43), Redgram + Bajra (1.25) and Cotton + Redgram (1.21). Based on net returns and B-C ratio, Groundnut + Redgram emerged as the most remunerative intercropping among the models studied. The results suggest that intercropping models with higher market returns and better resource use efficiency may improve farm profitability under rainfed conditions in Ananthapuramu district. The findings offer a comparative assessment of the cost of cultivation, returns and profitability of different intercropping models, thereby enhancing the understanding of economically viable crop combinations in drought-prone regions. The study is expected to serve as a useful reference for researchers, policymakers and extension personnel in designing strategies to promote sustainable and profitable intercropping models under rainfed agriculture. Furthermore, the results may assist farmers in selecting economically efficient intercropping models suited to resource-constrained environments.

Factors Influencing Adoption of Integrated Disease Management Practices among Grape Farmers

K. M. Chethan Kumar — 2026-07-13

The study examined the adoption pattern of integrated disease management practices among grape growers in Chikkaballapura district of Karnataka, India, during 2023–24. Chikkaballapura and Sidlaghatta taluks were selected because of their larger area under grape cultivation, and 120 grape growers, comprising 60 small farmers and 60 big farmers from 12 villages, were included. Data were collected through personal interviews using a structured schedule. Adoption was assessed for recommended cultural, biological, mechanical and chemical practices used in the management of downy mildew, powdery mildew and anthracnose. The results showed wider adoption of cultural, mechanical and chemical practices than biological control practices. All respondents removed and destroyed pruned plant parts for anthracnose management, while 75.00 per cent removed diseased canes and dead wood. Full adoption of recommended fungicide spraying was observed among 79.17 per cent of respondents for downy mildew, 80.00 per cent for powdery mildew and 76.67 per cent for anthracnose. However, 61.67 per cent did not adopt Bacillus subtilis or Trichoderma spp. application. Overall, 34.17 per cent of growers were in the low adoption category, 33.33 per cent in the medium category and 32.50 per cent in the high category. Path analysis indicated that innovativeness, economic orientation, extension contact and extension participation were important contributors to adoption behaviour.

Determining the Effect of Different Growing Media on Root Development of Dragon Fruit Cuttings [Hylocereus undatus L. (Haworth Britton & Rose)]

Rishabh Singh — 2026-07-13

Vegetative propagation through stem cuttings is important for producing uniform planting material in dragon fruit. This study evaluated the effects of eight growing-media treatments on the root development of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus L.) cuttings under polyhouse conditions at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, during 2022–2023. The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design with three replications and two cuttings per replication. The treatments comprised soil, sand, farmyard manure (FYM), vermiculite, perlite, soil + sand + FYM, soil + sand + vermiculite, and soil + vermiculite + perlite. Root initiation and root growth traits were assessed at 120 days after planting. Growing media significantly affected all recorded root parameters. The soil + sand + FYM treatment produced the earliest root initiation (25.37 days), the highest average number of roots per cutting (10.25), the greatest root length (24.67 cm), root thickness (0.346 mm), and root volume (2.99 cc), and the highest fresh (3.32 g) and dry (0.983 g) root weights. Soil alone generally produced the lowest values, whereas the combinations containing FYM or vermiculite performed better than the single-component media. The findings indicate that a 1:1:1 mixture of soil, sand, and FYM provides a favourable rooting environment for dragon fruit cuttings under the conditions of this study.

Biochar in Sustainable Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review of Soil Health, Crop Productivity and Carbon Sequestration

D. Sravanthi — 2026-06-24

Soil degradation, nutrient depletion and climate change continue to challenge agricultural sustainability and food security. Biochar, a stable, carbon-rich material produced through the thermochemical conversion of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions, has received increasing attention as a soil amendment within sustainable and climate-smart agriculture. This review synthesises published evidence on biochar production technologies, feedstock-dependent properties and the mechanisms through which biochar influences soil health, crop productivity and carbon sequestration. The review indicates that biochar can improve soil physical conditions by reducing bulk density, enhancing aggregation and increasing water-holding capacity, especially in coarse-textured and degraded soils. It also contributes to chemical fertility by improving nutrient retention, moderating soil acidity, influencing phosphorus availability and reducing nutrient losses. In biological terms, biochar provides microhabitats and nutrient-rich surfaces that can support microbial biomass, soil enzyme activity and mycorrhizal associations. These changes may enhance crop performance, particularly where productivity is constrained by acidity, low nutrient retention, drought stress, salinity or contaminant bioavailability. Biochar also contributes to climate change mitigation because its aromatic carbon structure can persist in soils over long periods and because its application may reduce nitrous oxide and methane emissions under suitable soil and management conditions. However, the magnitude and consistency of benefits depend strongly on feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, soil properties, crop species and management practices. Adoption is further constrained by production costs, logistical requirements, feedstock variability, possible ecotoxicological risks and insufficient standardisation. Long-term field studies, quality-assurance systems and soil-specific biochar products are needed to support safe, effective and economically feasible use in sustainable agriculture.

IOT-Empowered Automation Systems in Smart Agriculture

Bhodisatwa Banner — 2026-06-26

Agriculture is undergoing rapid digital transformation driven by the need to enhance productivity, ensure food security, optimise resource utilisation and mitigate the impacts of climate variability. In this context, IoT-empowered automation systems have emerged as foundational technologies for smart agriculture by integrating sensors, wireless communication networks, cloud and edge computing, artificial intelligence and automated control mechanisms within a unified framework. This review presents a comprehensive overview of IoT-based smart agriculture, covering its evolution from traditional and precision farming to fully integrated smart farming systems. The architecture of IoT-enabled agriculture is discussed through sensing, communication, data processing and application layers, with emphasis on soil and environmental sensors, microcontrollers, cloud platforms and decision-support systems. The manuscript further examines communication technologies, including Wi-Fi, ZigBee, LoRaWAN, NB-IoT and cellular networks, as well as software platforms that support data analytics, machine learning and farm management integration. Major applications, including automated irrigation, precision nutrient management, crop monitoring, greenhouse climate control and livestock management, are reviewed to demonstrate the practical role of IoT-driven automation in different production settings. Reported evidence indicates 20-50% water savings through sensor-based precision irrigation and automated control, 10-30% improvement in fertiliser-use efficiency through IoT-integrated fertigation and variable-rate application, 10-25% reduction in environmental footprint, 15-35% productivity gains and 10-20% improvement in climate resilience. Despite these benefits, high implementation costs, interoperability issues, connectivity limitations, data-security concerns and technical skill gaps continue to restrict large-scale adoption. The review highlights the need for cost-effective, scalable, secure and farmer-oriented IoT solutions for sustainable smart agriculture and practical farm management.

Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms and Strategies for Resistance Management in Agroecosystems: A Review

H. Vanlalhmuliana — 2026-06-27

Insecticide resistance is a persistent challenge in agroecosystems because it reduces the effectiveness of chemical control, increases management costs and complicates sustainable pest suppression. This review examines the major mechanisms through which insect pests become less susceptible to insecticides and discusses strategies that can support resistance management in agricultural systems. Resistance develops through inherited changes that allow pest populations to survive repeated insecticide exposure. The mechanisms considered include behavioural avoidance, reduced cuticular penetration, enhanced metabolic detoxification and target-site modification. Cross-resistance and multiple resistance are also addressed because they limit the usefulness of insecticides with related or different modes of action. The review further outlines genetic, biological, ecological, insecticide-related, agronomic and environmental factors that influence the rate and persistence of resistance development. Detection and monitoring approaches are discussed, including conventional bioassays, biochemical and enzymatic assays, molecular diagnostics, resistance monitoring programmes and genomics-based tools. The impacts of resistance are considered in relation to pest management efficacy, crop production costs, environmental contamination, biodiversity and beneficial organisms. Resistance management options reviewed include insecticide rotation, mode-of-action diversification, mixtures, sequential applications, integrated pest management, biological control, biopesticides, host plant resistance, cultural practices and strategies for transgenic crop systems. Emerging tools, including genomics, RNA interference, gene editing, artificial intelligence, precision pest management, predictive modelling and decision-support systems, are evaluated for their potential to improve resistance surveillance and management. Overall, the review emphasises that resistance management requires integrated, evidence-based and adaptable approaches that reduce selection pressure, preserve insecticide utility and maintain effective pest control in changing agricultural contexts.

Harnessing Biocontrol Agents for Weed Management: A Sustainable Approach

Nikhil Kumar — 2026-06-29

Weed infestation remains a major constraint to sustainable crop production and ecosystem management because weeds compete with cultivated and native plants for water, nutrients, light and space. Conventional weed control methods, particularly repeated herbicide use, can contribute to environmental contamination, residue concerns, non-target effects and the development of herbicide resistance. Biological control offers an alternative approach by using living organisms or naturally derived agents to suppress weed growth, reproduction and spread. This review summarises the role of different biocontrol agents, including insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, in the management of terrestrial and aquatic weeds. Classical biological control, augmentation, bioherbicide use and the application of natural enemies are discussed with examples involving major invasive weeds such as parthenium, water hyacinth, lantana, saltcedar, purple loosestrife, prickly pear, St. Johnswort and salvinia. Microbial agents, especially fungal pathogens and selected bacterial strains, are also considered for their potential to provide host-specific weed suppression. The manuscript further highlights the emerging but still limited role of nematodes in weed management. Although biological control can reduce dependence on synthetic herbicides and support integrated weed management, its performance depends on host specificity, environmental conditions, agent establishment, formulation stability and ecological safety. The review emphasises that biocontrol should be used as one component of an integrated weed management strategy rather than as a complete replacement for other control methods. Further research is needed to improve field reliability, ecological risk assessment, formulation development and large-scale deployment of biocontrol agents for sustainable weed management.

Sustainable Agriculture in the Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra, India: Dryland Methods Towards Food Security

R. S. Patode — 2026-07-08

The Vidarbha region of eastern Maharashtra exemplifies the structural vulnerabilities of rainfed agriculture in semi-arid India, where smallholder farmers cultivating cotton, soybean, pigeonpea and sorghum on shallow Vertisol soils face recurrent moisture stress, fragmented landholdings and volatile commodity prices. This review synthesises peer-reviewed evidence published over the past decade on dryland agricultural methods relevant to food security in such rainfed tracts, drawing on literature concerning watershed development, soil and water conservation, conservation agriculture, crop diversification, agroforestry, climate-resilient cultivar development, and the institutional architecture of crop insurance, soil testing and farmer collectives. The review finds that integrated watershed management and in-situ moisture conservation measurably raise soil organic carbon and water use efficiency in semi-arid cropping systems, that conservation agriculture and legume intercropping improve resource use efficiency on Vertisol landscapes comparable to those of Vidarbha, and that diversification towards drought-tolerant pulses, sorghum and millets offers a viable complement to cotton monoculture. Institutional interventions, including the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana crop insurance scheme, the Soil Health Card programme and women-led self-help groups, show documented but uneven effects on farmer welfare, constrained by implementation gaps, low financial literacy and weak last-mile delivery. Agroforestry systems on degraded and marginal land demonstrate co-benefits for carbon sequestration, fodder supply and household income diversification. The review concludes that food security in Vidarbha depends less on any single technology than on the coordinated sequencing of water harvesting, soil health restoration, diversified and insured cropping, and strengthened farmer institutions, and it identifies persistent evidence gaps specific to the region that merit dedicated empirical attention.