Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

Productivity and Profitability of Fodder oat (Avena sativa L.) as Affected by Integrated Nutrient Management: A Review

2024-04-26T13:35:11+00:00

Fodder oats (Avena sativa L.) is a valuable feed resource for livestock, providing high-quality forage rich in nutrients essential for animal health and productivity. This review summarizes the key components and benefits of integrated nutrient management in fodder oats cultivation. Organic inputs such as farmyard manure, compost, and green manure enhance soil quality while inorganic fertilizers provide essential macro and micronutrients necessary for robust crop growth and yield.Various researchers found that higher green and dry fodder yields were obtained with the application of Farmyard Manure @ 5 t/ha + 50 percent of the recommended dose of fertilizers (329.76- 518.32 q ha^-1) and 75% RDF along with 2 t Poultry manure ha^-1 (77.57- 91.31 q ha^-1 ). While 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)+Zn + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)+residual farm yard manure (R-FYM) and 100%RDF + Zn + R-FYM significantly increased fodder quality traits- Crude protein (9.44-10.10%), ether extract (4.5-5%), total ash yield (33.8-34.6%), ADF and NDF. Uptake of N, K, P, S and Mn by oat crop was highest at 75% NPK+2.5t Vermicompost +10kg Mn+20kg S ha^-1. Higher net returns per ha were obtained by integrated nutrient management treatment of FYM @ 5 t/ha + 50 percent of the recommended dose of fertilizers and the application of 75% RDF (60:40 NP) kg ha^-1 along with 2 t poultry manure ha^-1. Thus Integrated nutrient sources increased the yield and quality of fodder oat besides enhancing profitability.

Effect of Co-inoculants Rhizophos on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]

2024-04-20T09:51:35+00:00

Field experiment was conducted to investigate effect of co-inoculants Rhizophos in liquid formulation on the agronomic traits of black gram (Vigna mungo L.). The treatments such as RDF (Recommended dose of fertilizer) + rhizophos in liquid formulation (T₅), RDF + phosphobacteria in liquid formulation (T₄), RDF + Rhizobium leguminosarum (TNAU14) in liquid formulation (T₃), RDF (T₂) and absolute control (T₁) were imposed in a Randomized Block Design with four replication each. Seeds were treated accordingly with the treatments and foliar application was done at 1ml.L^-1on 30, 45 and 60 DAS. Among the treatments, foliar spray of Rhizophos @ 1 ml.L^-1 exhibited profound effect in improving the growth and yield attributes. The result demonstrates that RDF + rhizophos in liquid formulation recorded the highest yield of (750 kg.ha^-1) over the control (483 kg.ha^-1). The results showed that, application of co-inoculant rhizophos through seed treatment and foliar spray significantly influenced the agronomics traits and yield of black gram over individual treatment and recommended dosage alone.

Influence of Organic Nutrient Management on Growth and Physiological Parameters of Redgram (Cajanus cajan L.)

2024-04-26T08:03:57+00:00

The field experiment was conducted to study the “Effect of organic nutrient management in growth and physiological parameters of redgram (Cajanus cajan L.) and executed during rabi season 2023 - 2024 at North farm, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with 11 treatments and 3 replications. The result revealed that maximum plant height, number of root plant^-1, dry matter production, leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate was found higher in 50% N equivalent based FYM @ 2.5 t ha^-1 + 50% N equivalent based vermicompost @ 0.416 t ha^-1 (T₄) and 100% RDF + FYM @ 12.5 t ha^-1 (T₁₀) and which was followed by 100% N equivalent based vermicompost @ 0.8 t ha^-1 compared to control (T₁₁). As the result from the study recorded and concluded that the interaction effect with 50% N equivalent based FYM @ 2.5 t ha^-1 + 50% N equivalent based vermicompost @ 0.416 t ha^-1 increases the crop growth and physiological parameters of redgram and results in higher production.

Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Technologies against Fall Armyworm in Maize

2024-04-20T11:43:52+00:00

The evaluation of integrated pest management technologies against fall armyworm in maize was conducted by District Agricultural Advisory and Transfer of Technology Centre (DAATTC), Vizianagaram in five farmer’s field during 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22. The results revealed that the pest incidence was lower in IPM module compared to the historically adopted farmer’s practices, featuring here as a control. The increase in yield of 6.78% was observed in IPM demonstration (8503 kg/ha) compared to the control (7963 kg/ha). The net returns of Rs. 10,3214.00/ha and Rs. 91,145.00/ha were obtained in the IPM and control, respectively. The extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 747 kg/ha, 540 kg/ha and 8.07%, respectively. The lower technology index indicates that the technology implementation is feasible providing better education and popularization of the new programs thus reducing the gap between extension programs and new technologies.

Morphological Studies and Its Biological Management Practices of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum F.sp. Lini) of Linseed

2024-04-20T12:10:52+00:00

The experiment was carried out in a warehouse at the Department of Plant Pathology at C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology in Kanpur with the aim of Isolation, purification, identification & pathogenicity of linseed wilt pathogen, integrated disease management practice against Fusarium wilt, soil colonizing ability of Trichoderma viride in sick field plots, Effect of different pH levels and different temperature levels on the growth and sporulation of the pathogen (in- vitro). The experiment used an RBD design On eleven cultivars out of eleven cultivars (Jeevan, Shweta, Parvati, Surbhi, Shekhar, NDL-2004-05, Kiran, RLC-92, Indira Alsi, Dipika, and Chambal) tested, the minimum percentage of wilting was recorded in cultivar RLC-92 (6.64 percent) followed by Jeevan (8.85 percent) and Indira Alsi (9.70 percent), respectively but all were at par statistically, with 13 treatments, by reducing plant wilting, all treatments were found to be noticeably better than the control (untreated) at reducing disease severity, among all treatments minimum percent wilting with maximum disease control was recorded with treatment T₄ [seed treatment (5g/kg seed) + soil treatment with Trichoderma harzianum (10g/kg soil) followed by T₂ (5 g/kg seed) + soil treatments with Trichoderma viride (10 g/soil)] (19.46 percent) and T₁₂ (seed and soil treatment with carbendazin (0.2 percent) (23.50 percent), respectively under pot culture condition.

Studies on the Effect of Liquid Bio-Inoculant Rhizophos on the Agronomic Traits of Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

2024-04-20T12:32:47+00:00

A study was conducted to assess the effect of liquid bio-inoculants on the agronomic traits of green gram. Field experiments were conducted on the Instructional-North farm of Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu during the rabi season (2024) in a randomized block design. The experiment included five treatments [Absolute control, RDF, RDF + Rhizobium leguminosarum (TNAU14) in liquid formulation, RDF + phosphor bacteria in liquid formulation, RDF + Rhizophos in liquid formulation. Seeds were treated in accordance with the details given above and foliar application was done @ 1ml Lit-1 on 15th,30th and 45th DAS. From the results, a significant increase in the plant height (30.03 cm) dry matter production (1633.67 kg ha-1) and number of root nodules (65.70) at different growth stages were observed when compared to the absolute control. The yield parameters like pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 were also increased. The treatments with mixed liquid bio-inoculant Rhizophos (T5) registered the highest seed yield and haulm yield of 730 kg ha-1 and 1816.67 kg ha-1 respectively. The results suggest that, application of liquid rhizophos through seed treatment and foliar spray significantly influenced the agronomic traits of green gram and the yield.

Performance of Rabi Blackgram (Vigna mungoL.,) under Different Sowing Windows

2024-04-22T04:49:55+00:00

Field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, Agricultural College, Mahanandi of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University during the period from October, 2017 to January 2018 to evaluate the performance of rabiblackgram (Vigna mungo L.) under different sowing windows. The experimental site was sandy loam and it was neutral in reaction with a pH of 7.30, EC of 0.20 ds m^-1. The experiment comprised four blackgram varieties viz., TBG-104, LBG-787, GBG-1 and PU-31 and four sowing dates viz., 1^st fort night of October, 2^nd fort night of October, 1^st fort night November and 2^nd fort night November.The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with factorial concept (FRBD) having sixteen treatments and three replications. Results showed that varieties and dates of sowings significantly influenced all the parameters in the growth attributing experimentation characters such as plant height, dry weight, leaf area index, and yield attributing characters like number of pods plant^-1, number of seeds pod^-1 and 1000 seed weight and seed yield (kg ha^-1), haulm yield (kg ha^-1) and harvest index (%) and were found highest in PU-31and lowest in LBG-787. With regard to sowing windows, the higher as well as lower values of these parameters were observed with sowing 1^st fort night of October and 2^nd fort night of November, respectively. Sowing PU-31 on 1^st fort night of October and 2^nd fort night of November gave the highest seed yield (856.42 kg ha^-1) and haulm yield (2473.96 kg ha^-1) respectively. Overall the results proved that 1^st FN of October seems to be the appropriate sowing date for getting higher yield of black gram during rabi season. Among different varieties PU-31 came out with higher yield followed by GBG-1, TBG-104 and LBG-787.

Effect of Biofertilizers and Zinc Micronutrients on yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays L.)

2024-04-22T13:11:56+00:00

The research work was done out during Kharif season of 2023 at the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj U.P( India), to study the effect of biofertilizers and zinc sulphate on growth and yield of Maize. The treatments consist of Bio-fertilizers PSB, Azotobacter,( PSB) + Azotobacter and ZnSO4 (20, 25, 30 kg/ha) done under RBD with ten treatments and replicated three times. The soil of research trial plot was sandy loamy in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (pH 7.8), low in organic carbon (0.35%). The outcomes showed that the taller plants (159.03 cm), higher plant dry weight (162.70 g/plant), maximum crop growth rate (26.250 g/m²/day), number of cobs/plant (1.8), higher number of rows/cob (16.8), number of seeds per cob (553.4),were achieved by the application of PSB + Azotobacter + ZnSO4 30 kg/ha. Higher gross return (INR 1,49,119.5/ha), higher net return (INR 1,08,439.5.00/ha) and higher Benefit Cost ratio (2.66) were also obtained by the using of (Azotobacter 25 g/kg + PSB: 25 g/kg + 1% Zn+B 1 %).

Survey, Morpho-microscopic Characterization of Paddy Straw Mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) from Different Locations of Chhattisgarh, India

2024-04-23T08:08:01+00:00

Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea), commonly known as the straw mushroom, or the Chinese mushroom, belongs to the family Pluteaceae (Kotl. & Pouz) of the Basidiomycetes (Singer, 1961). The present research was undertaken to explore the diversity, distribution, morphological, and microscopic characteristics of V. volvacea native isolates from Chhattisgarh.A total of eight isolates were collected in a survey conducted across Chhattisgarh from six districts viz. Rajnandgaon, Raipur, Dhamtari, and Bemetara, Kabirdham, Durg and all the relevant information on habitat, temperature, relative humidity, location (GPS data), habit, and related substrates in native environments; were recorded delligently. Volvariella isolates collected were characterized morphologically and found possessing pink spores, free lamellae, and a stipe bearing no annulus but was encased at the base by a volva. The gills of all the isolates were freely arranged; consistency was fleshy; colour was moderate brown; and texture was smooth. The stipes of all the isolates were cylindrical, centrally attached to the pileus; the consistency was fleshy; the colour was yellowish white; and the bases were swollen. Pileus characters of all isolates show a light brown outer colour, a moderate brown middle colour, and regular margins. The volva characters of all isolates show a sheathed arrangement and brownish colour. Spore print colours were observed as pink and moderate brown, gill colour varied from light pink to brown for all isolates. Microscopic characterization was done and was found that spore size of all collected isolates ranges between six to nine micrometre and the basidium bears sterigmata.

Adoption of Pest Management Practice Wise Green Technologies Utilization Behaviour of Trichy and Madurai District Farmers in Rice-based Ecosystem

2024-04-23T10:03:26+00:00

The current study was carried out in Madurai and Trichy districts of Tamil Nadu. Two blocks from each district were chosen. For this study, a total sample size of 240 people was used. It was seen that 52.08 per cent of the respondents had fully adopted the destruction of stubbles after harvest in which 56.67 per cent of Trichy district farmers and 47.50 per cent of Madurai district farmers had fully adopted the above practice in order to avoid yellow stem borer. More than half (51.67%) of the farmers had adopted placing of dry fish in the field in which 56.67 per cent of Trichy district farmers and 46.66 per cent of Madurai district farmers had fully adopted this practice. It was observed that 50.00 per cent of Trichy district respondents and 27.50 per cent of Madurai district respondents had partially adopted the practice of dipping the seedlings with chloropyriphos to avoid the attack of termites.

A Study on Moisture Dependent Properties of Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) Grains

2024-04-24T13:29:10+00:00

A vital component in the design of threshers, dehuskers, shellers, and winnowers is the combination of geometrical, frictional, gravimetric, and aerodynamic characteristics. Consequently, to assess these qualities of barnyard millet grain, experiments were conducted. samples within a suitable moisture content range of 6.21 to 22.57% (db). were used in the experiments. Based on the moisture content appropriate for the majority of post-harvest operations, a range of 6 to 24% was selected. The geometrical mean diameter, equivalent mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, and square mean diameter increased from 2.05 to 2.24 mm, 2.63 to 2.87 mm, 2.18 to 2.38 mm, and 3.67 to 4.00 mm, respectively, with an increase in moisture content. Similarly, the coefficient of static friction with mild steel, GI sheets, plywood, and glass increased linearly from 0.369 to 0.533, 0.342 to 0.492, 0.288 to 0.301, and 0.314 to 0.363, respectively. Comparing the other three surfaces, it was found that mild steel had the highest coefficient of static friction while plywood had the lowest. Porosity, bulk density, and true density decreased from 0.572 to 0.429, 682.92 to 563.72 kg m^-3, and 1318.95 to 1196.81 kg m^-3 within the moisture content range, while angle of repose, aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, volume, 1000 grain weight, coefficient of internal friction, and terminal velocity increased from 23.62° to 40.82°, 65.53 to 66.77, 0.6492 to 0.6569, 13.20 to 15.76 mm², 4.35 to 6.22 mm³, 3.97 to 5.07 g, 0.556 to 0.863, and 4.42 to 5.23 ms^-1.

In Vitro Multiplication and Ontogeny of Ferns Tectaria zeylanica (Houtt.) (Dryoptridaceae) from South India under Current Climate Conditions

2024-04-25T08:31:28+00:00

The oak leaf fern, Tectaria zeylanica (Houtt.) Sledge, is an endangered fern in India, native to the Southeast Asian region. For the ex-situ conservation of this endangered fern, spores were collected and cultured aseptically on full-strength KC Medium with sucrose at pH 5.8. The spores are monolete with a prominent winged perispore. The exine ruptures at the laesura, and three or four germ filaments grow out, following a Vittaria-type germination pattern. The prothallial development was of the Aspidium type. Adult gametophytes are cordate and much broader than their length. Antheridia develop between 120 and 140 days. They are characteristically 3-celled, with a basal cell, a median cell, and an opercular cell. The female sex organs, archegonia, develop between 150 and 170 days. They are superficial and arranged on the lower side of the prothallus near the midrib and the meristematic region. Fertilization and subsequent development of the sporophytes were observed after four months. The highest percentage of sporophyte formation was observed on KC medium fortified with Kin 0.5 mg/l. Sporophytes had uniseriate, unicellular, and multicellular hairs, similar to those found on adult prothalli. The highest percentage of root formation was observed in the medium with IBA + NAA (1.0 mg/l). The in vitro raised plants showed a 54% establishment during hardening in the field. The present study has established a reproducible protocol for the ex-situ conservation of this endangered oak leaf fern.

Impact of Agriculture Growth on Poverty Reduction: A Case of Karnataka, India

2024-04-25T09:59:46+00:00

Karnataka is one of the progressive states in the country even though it experiences the challenges of poverty and it has wide variation, depending on rural-urban disparities, region, caste, and religion. Agriculture as primary sector contribute notably to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and being main occupation for majority population acts as largest source of livelihood for the rural poor by creating enormous employment opportunities thus by increasing the income levels, agriculture play a key role in reducing poverty. The present study was conducted to analyse the impact of agriculture growth on poverty reduction in Karnataka state by using secondary data. The relationship between poverty, agriculture GDP per worker and non-agriculture GDP per worker was analysed using pooled panel regression analysis. The results of the study shows that contribution of agriculture sector was far more in decreasing poverty than the non-agricultural sector, as every one per cent increase in agriculture GDP per worker reduced poverty by 1.36 per cent as against 0.80 per cent in non-agriculture GDP per worker. As majority of people depends on agriculture for their livelihood, it is evident that the agriculture sector has a greater impact on alleviating poverty among rural population. However, it suggested that the balanced growth across all three sectors of the economy will help to reduce the poverty rates by increasing income level of the population.

Incidence of Stem Rot of Cluster-bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in Major Growing Areas of Rajasthan, India

2024-04-26T09:42:56+00:00

A survey was conducted in major cluster bean growing districts of Rajasthan during Kharif season 2022 and 2023 which showed the stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is an imperative pathological problem, mostly in Bikaner, Shri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts. Average disease incidence was 22.33 per cent recorded in surveyed districts of Rajasthan. Highest average disease incidence (27.67%) was reported in Shri Ganganagar followed by Hanumangarh (22.50%) while lowest in Bikaner (16.83%) district.

Effect of Organic Manure of Nitrogen Nutrients on Economic Benefits of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2024-04-26T09:51:19+00:00

A field experiment was conducted at crop research center of IFTM University Moradabad (U.P.) field experiment carried out during the Rabi season 2022–2023. The texture of the sandy loam soil in the experimental field was sandy loam. The randomized block design method was used for the statistical analysis, and the ten treatments included three replications of the application of biofertilizers and V.C. FYM. Treatments were T₁(control), T₂ (Pressmud @ 10 t ha^-1+ PSB + Azotobactor), T₃ (Pressmud @ 10 t ha^-1+ PSB), T₄ (FYM @ 10 t ha^-1+ PSB + Azotobactor), T₅(FYM @ 10 t ha^-1+ PSB ), T₆ (VC @ 5 t ha^-1 + PSB) T₇ (VC @ 5 t ha^-1+PSB+Azotobactor), T₈(50%N Through FYM+50% Through NPK), T₉(75%N Through FYM+25%Through NPK) T₁₀(100% NPK 120:60:40) wheat variety DBW90 was sown on during December 2022. The levels of NPK fertilizer were associated with a rise in the economic benefits. The outcome showed that, under the treatment 100% NPK of RDF T₁₀, the highest gross return of Rs. 111061 of ha^-1, the highest net return of Rs. 74821 of ha^-1, and the maximum benefit of cost ratio 2.06 were all recorded. When it came to economics, the treatment that used 100% NPK of RDF was found to be superior and statistically comparable to T₈. It is also possible to maintain soil fertility, which is crucial for sustainable crop production, by applying organic matter and fertilizers in conjunction with inorganic ones.