Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

The present study examines the socio-economic characteristics and existing buffalo feeding practices of farmers in Sri Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts of Rajasthan, India. A total of 120 buffalo farmers (60 from each district) were surveyed to assess key variables including age, gender, education, family size, landholding, occupation, herd size, farming experience, and annual income. The findings indicate that buffalo farming is predominantly male-driven (90–93.33%), with a majority of farmers belonging to middle and older age groups. Educational levels were generally low to moderate, with primary education being most common. Medium-sized families (average size 5.74 members) were predominant, providing essential labour for livestock management. Most respondents were marginal to small landholders, and buffalo rearing was commonly integrated with crop farming or business activities, reflecting diversified livelihood strategies.

Herd size was primarily small to medium (1–10 animals), although relatively larger herds were more frequent in Hanumangarh. Farmers in both districts possessed considerable experience, with a large proportion having more than 20 years of involvement in buffalo farming. Despite this, annual income levels remained modest, with most farmers falling within low to medium income categories. Feeding practices were largely characterized by stall feeding systems, use of wheat straw as the main dry fodder, and widespread chaffing of fodder to improve utilization. However, improved practices such as silage and hay preparation were absent, and the use of mineral mixtures and balanced concentrate feeding was limited. Colostrum feeding to calves was universally practiced.

The study highlights that buffalo farming plays a crucial role in ensuring livelihood security, contributing significantly to household income, nutritional security, and rural economic stability. Socio-economic factors such as herd size, education, landholding, and farming experience showed a positive relationship with income levels. Strengthening extension services and promoting improved feeding practices are essential to enhance productivity and sustainability in the region.